Kandhs and Sauras are the aboriginal tribes inhabiting the moun- tains. Of the plains population two-thirds are estimated as belong- ing to the Urugé. race, the remainder being mostly Telegus. Of the plains country, with an area of 5141 squaro miles, or 3,290,240 acres, about one-third is under cultivation, one-third cultivable, and one-third waste. A considerable extent of land is under cultivation in the Mziliyas, but no revenue is derived from this tract. Rice forms the staple product, and is largely exported. The other crops are cereals of various sorts, pulses and oilseeds, fibres, sugar- cane (said to be the best in India), tobacco, indigo, chilies, &e. Holdings are small, and the peasantry are generally poor and in debt to the village money-lender. Five towns contain a population exceeding 5000 :—Berhampur, 21,670; Parla Kimidi, 15,958; Chi- kakol, 15,587; Baruva, 6739 ; 'l‘akkali llaghunandapuram, 5206. Ganjam town, the former administrative headquarters of the dis- trict, has a population of only 4163. The means of internal com- munication consist of 661 miles of road in the plains, and 323 miles of hill roads, besides a short tidal canal 9 miles long, connect- ing the Chilkzi. lake with the li ushikuliya river. Salt manufacture is a Government monopoly, yielding about £200,000 annually. The revenue has rapidly increased of late years, having advanced from £216,196 in 1860–61 to £338,705 in 1875—76. The chief receipts are the salt and land revenue, which yielded £196,396 and £117,348 respectively in 1875–76. The expense of administering the district amounted to £23,970 in 1860–61, and to £28,123 in 1875–76. For the protection of person and property there were, in 1875–76, 27 magisterial and 13 civil and revenue courts. Murder is unusually prevalent in Ganjam, no less than 26 cases having occurred in 1875. Education is backward, only about 3'3 per cent. of the population of the plains being able to read and write. In 1875 there were 334 Government or aided schools in the plains, attended by 6909 pupils, besides 17 schools in the hills, with 860 pupils.
GANNAL, Jean Nicolas (1791–1852), a distinguished French technical chemist, was born at Sarre~Louis, July 28, 1791. At the age of fourteen he was placed in a druggist’s establishment, where he acquired a knowledge of chemical manipulation. In 1808 he entered the medical department of the French army, and in the campaign of 1812 he witnessed the disastrous retreat from Moscow. After the downfall of the empire he obtained a situation at the Ecole Polytechnique in Paris, and subsequently acted as chemical assistant to Thénard. Having commenced research in industrial chemistry, he devised a method for the refining of borax, by which the price of that salt was reduced from 6 francs to 60 centimes per II). He was the first to intro- duce into printing the use of elastic rollers, which he formed of a mixture of gelatin and sugar, and his process for the melting of tallow and hardening it with acids prepared the way for the manufacture of wax-candles. In 1823 he took out a patent for the making of glue and gelatin. His experiments with the latter substance demonstrated the incorrectness of the opinion, held by Darcet and others, that it possessed highly nutritive properties. He obtained one of the Montyon prizes of the Institute in 1827 for the em- ployment of chlorine in the treatment of catarrh and phthisis, and again in 1835 for his discovery of the efficacy of injec- tions of solutions of acetate and chloride of aluminium in preserving anatomical preparations. Turning his attention next to embalmment, he showed that it could be accomplished without mutilation of the body, and with greater economy than after the old methods, by injecting into one of the carotid arteries solutions of aluminium salts. Gannal died at Paris in 1852. The following are among his works :—
Du Chlorc employé eomme erédc contra la Phthisc pulmonaz‘re, 1832, 8vo, Sur la G'élatim, 1834 and 1836, 2 pts. 8vo; Sur la Conservation dcs Parties animales, 1836, 8vo; Jlémoirc . . . sur l’Applieation d’un nouvcau Systémc d'Inhumalion clans les Cimi- 112768, 1842, 4to ; Histoz'rc des Embaummwnts ct dc la I’répamtion dcs Prices d’Anatomic normals, 1837 and 1341, 8vo ; ill. Gannal at M. lc Docteur Pasguicr,——a pamphlet relative to the embalmment of the duke of Orleans, in which Ganual’s process was not employed, 1842, 8vo; and Laura a l’Institut, 1843 and Nourcllc Lotta-c cum illéa'ecz'ns, 1844, on embalming, 8vo.
GANNAT, a town of France, capital of an arrondissement in the department of Allier, is situated on the Andelot, an affluent of the Allier, 33 miles S. by W. of Moulins. The vicinity is very pleasant, but the town is badly built and the streets are crooked and narrow. It possesses a tribunal of primary instance, a hospital, and a secondary school. There are limeworks, tanneries, cutleries, and some trade in corn, fruits, wine, and cattle. The town was formerly surrounded by walls, and what remains of its old castle is now used as a prison. The church of Sainte-Croix possesses a choir in the pure Auvergne style of the 11th century, and also some fine paintings. The population in 1876 was 5042.
GANNET (Anglo-Saxon, gmwl) or Solan Goose,[1] the Pelcccmus bassanus of Linnaeus and the Sula basscma of modern ornithologists, a large sea-fowl long known as at numerous visitor, for the purpose of breeding, to the Bass took at the entrance of the Firth of Forth, and to certain other islands off the coast of Britain, of which four are in Scottish waters—namely, Ailsa Craig, at the mouth of the Firth of Clyde ; the group known collectively as St Kilda ; Suleskerry, some 40 miles north-east of the Butt of Lewis ; and the Stack and Skerry, about the same distance west- ward of Stromness. It appears also to have two stations off the coast of Ireland, the Skellig Islands and the Stags of Broadhaven, and it resorts besides to Lundy Island in the Bristol Channel—its only English breeding-place. Further to the northward its settlements are Myggenzes, the most westerly of the Faroes, and various small islands off the coast of Iceland, of which the Vestmannaeyjar, the ‘leykjanes Fuglaskér, and Grimsey are the chief. On the western side of the Atlantic it appears to have but five stations, one in the Bay of Fundy, and four rocks in the Gulf of St Lawrence. On all these seventeen places the bird arrives about the end of March or in April and departs in autumn when its young are ready to fly; but even during the breeding-season many of the adults may be seen on their fishing excursions at a vast distance from their home, while at other times of the year their range is greater still, for they not only frequent the North Sea and the English Channel, but stray to the Baltic, and, in winter, extend their flight to the Madciras, while the members of the species of American birth traverse the ocean from the shores of Greenland to the Gulf of Mexico.
and tail, the Gannet weighs considerably less. The plum— age of the adult is white, tinged on the head and neck with buff, while the outer edge and principal quills of the wing are black, and some bare spaces round the eyes and on the throat reveal a dark blue skin. The first plumage of the young is of a deep brown above, but paler beneath, and
each feather is tipped with a triangular white spot. The
- ↑ The phrase ga'notcs bred" (Gannet’s bath), a periphrasis for the sea, occurs in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, in reference to events which took place {{9link|975|975 a.d., as pointed out by Prof. Cunningham, whose learned treatise on this bird (ll/1's, 1866, p. 1) nearly exhausts all that can be said of its history and habits. A few pages further on (p. 13) this writer remarksz—“The name Gannet is intimately con- nected with our modern English Gander, both words being modifica- tions of the ancient British ‘gan ' or ‘ gans,’ which is the same word with the modern German ‘Gans,’ which in its turn corresponds with the old High German ‘ Kans,’ the Greek x-fiy, the Latin anscr, and the Sanskrit ‘ hansa,‘ all of which possess the same signification, viz. , a Goose. The origin of the names Solan or Soland, Sulan, Sula, and Haf-sula, which are evidently all closely related, is not so obvious. Martin [1'03]. St. Kilda] informs us that ‘ some imagine that the word Solan comes from the Irish Souler, corrupted and adapted to the. Scottish language, gm: ocuh's irretortis c longinquo respiciat jn-wdam.’ The earlier writers in general derive the word from the Latin solea, in consequence of the bird's supposed habit of hatching its egg with its foot; and in a note intercalated into Ray’s deseription of the Solan Goose in the edition of his Itineraries published by the Ray Society, and edited by Dr Lankester, we are told, though no authority for the statement is given, that ‘the Gannet, Sula. (/Iba, should be written Solent Goose, i.c., a channel goose.” Ilereon an editorial note remarks that this last statement appears to have been a suggestion of Yarrell's, and that it seems at least as possible that the “Solent” took its name from the bird.
