settlement, and Plutarch relates that relics of Meriones and Ulysses were exhibited in his time in the town. Having sided with the Carthaginians in the Second Punic War, it was saved from the vengeance of Marcellus by the entreaties of a certain Nicias. At the close of the republic it was a municipal town, with considerable celebrity on account of
the temple of the Great Mother, as Cicero calls her.GANGOTRI, a celebrated place of Hindu pilgrimage, situated among the Himalaya Mountains, in the state of (h'trhwal, on the Ganges, which is here not above 15 or 20 yards bread, with a moderate current, and not in general above 3 feet deep. The course of the river runs N. by E. ; and on the bank near Gangotri there is a small temple about 8 or 10 feet high, in which are two images represent- ing the Gauges and Bhagirathi rivers. The bed of the river adjoining the temple is divided off by the Brahmans into three basins, where the pilgrims bathe. One of these portions is dedicated to Brahma, another to Vishnu, and the third to Siva. The pilgrimage to Gangotri is considered efficacious in washing away the sins of the devotee, and ensuring him eternal happiness in the world to come. The water taken from this sacred spot is exported by pilgrims to India, and sold at a high price. It is drawn under the inspection of a Brahman, to whom a trifling sum is paid for the privilege of taking it, and the vessels are then sealed. The elevation of the temple above the sea is 10,319 feet. Long. 78° 59' E., lat. 30° 59' N.
GANGPUR, a tributary state of Chutia N agpur, Bengal, situated between 21° 47' 5" and 22° 32' 20" N. lat., and 85° 10' 15" and 85° 34' 35" E. long. It is bounded on the N. by Lohz’u‘daga district and J ashpur state; on the E. by Singbhum district; on the by Bonai and Bamra states and Sambalpur district 3 and on the \V. by Baipur district. (iangpur state consists of a long undulating table-land about 700 feet above the sea, sloping downwards from the higher plateau of Chutia Nagpur to the N., and dotted with de- tachcd ranges and isolated peaks rising to a height of 22 40 feet. The area is 2484 square miles. The chief products are rice, sugar-cane, oil-seeds, and tobacco, besides lac, {as/(r silk, resin, and catechu, yielded by the jungles. Diamonds and gold are occasionally found in the bed of the river 1b. Coal is known to exist, but is not worked. The population in 1872 numbered 73,637, viz., 37,751 males and 35,886 females. Of the total population 45,208, or 61 '3 per cent, belong to various aboriginal hill tribes, such as Bhuiyz’ls, Uraons, &c.; 9843, or 134 per cent, are semi-Hinduizcd aborigines; 18,349, or 249 per cent., are Hindus; and 231 are Ma- hometans. The state yields the raja an estimated annual revenue of £2000, and pays an annual tribute to the British Government of .£‘ 50.
GANGRENE. See Mortification.
GANILH, Charles (1758–1836), a distinguished political economist, was born at Allanche in Cantal, on the o'th January 1758. He was educated for the profession of law, and practised as «road. During the troubled period which culminated in the taking of the Bastille on 14th July 1789, he came prominently forward in public affairs, and was one of the seven members of the permanent Com- mittee of Public Safety which sat at- the HOtel de Ville. He was imprisoned during the Reign of Terror, and was only released by the counter—revolution of the 9th Ther- midor. During the first consulate he was called to the tribunate, but was excluded in 1802. In 1815 he was elected deputy for Cantal, and finally left the chamber on its dissolution in 1823. He died in 1836. Ganilh is best known as the most vigorous defender of the mercantile school in opposition to the views of Adam Smith and the English economists. His works, though interesting from the clearness and precision with which these peculiar opinions are presented, do not now possess much value for the student of political economy. The most important are the treatises, Des iSyslélizes d’lz'conomie Politique (lst cd., 1809; 2d ed., 1821, 2 vols.), in which the rival doctrines of economies are stated and compared, and T/Léorie (le l’ls'conomie Politique, fonclé' sm' [es fails, which introduces largely the element of statistical detail. Other works are—— Essai politique su-r le reven-u imblicdes maples (le l’antiq-uité ct du 7710,2102; 1:796 (2 vols., lst ed., 1806; 2d ed., 1823); Dc’la Législatio—n (1817); and Dirtiomzaire al/zalg/tique d’Economie I’olitz’que (lst vol., 1826)—“ a work, ” says Blanqui, “ unworthy of him.” A considerably higher estimate of Ganilh's merits than that given by Blanqui will be found in Kantz’s laborious G'csclcicldliclte Jz'ulu'iclc. d. A'alional-(Ekononu'k (sec. 85, pp. 598, 599).
GANJAM, a district of Madras, situated between 18° 18' and 19° 40' 30" N. lat., and between 83° 51' 30" and 85° 10' 30" E. long, bounded on the N. by Purl district in Orissa; on the E. by the Bay of Bengal, on the S. by Vizagapatam district, and on the W. by the estates of Kalahandi, Patna, and Jaipur. The district is exceedingly mountainous and rocky, but is interspersed with open valleys and fertile plains. Pleasant groves of trees in the plains give to the scenery a greener and less Indian appear- ance than is usually met with in the districts to the south. The mountainous tract known as the Maliyas, or chain of the eastern gluils, has an average height of about 2000 feet, —its principal peaks being Singharaj 4,976 feet), Mahen- dragiri (4923), and Deodanga (4534). The chief rivers are the Rushikuliya (with its tributary the Mahanadi), the Vamsadari, and the Languliya ; besides numerous mountain streams and torrents. The sea and river fisheries afford a livelihood to a considerable section of the population. The hilly region abounds in forests consisting principally of 3&1, with satin-wood, ebony, and sandal-wood in smaller quanti- ties. The district abounds in game both large and small.
Ganjam formed part of the ancient kingdom of Kalinga. Its early history is involved in obscurity, and it was not till after the Gajapati dynasty ascended the throne of Orissa, that this tract became even nominally a part of their dominions. Owing to the nature of the country, the rising Mahometan power was long kept at bay ; and it was not till nearly a century after the first invasion of Orissa that a Mahometan governor was sent to govern the Chikakol Sarkars, which included the present district of Ganjam. In 1753 Chikakol, with the Northern Sarkars, were made over to the French by Salabat J ang for the maintenance of his French auxiliaries. In 1759 Masulipatani was taken by an English force sent from Bengal, and the French were compelled to abandon Ganjam and their other factories in the north. In 1765 the Northern Sarkars (including Gan- jam) were granted to the English by imperial firman, and in August 1768 an English factory was founded at Ganjam, protected by a fort. The present district of Ganjam was constituted in 1802. In the earlier years of British rule considerable difficulty was experienced in administering the district. The country was continually in a state of con- fusion and disturbance; and on more than one occasion, the refractory large lax: lholdcrs had to be coerced by means of regular troops. In 1816 Ganjam was overrun by the Pindaris; and in 1836 occurred the Gumsur campaign, when the British first came into contact with the aboriginal Kandhs, the suppression of whose practice of human sacri- fice was successfully accomplished. A petty rising of a section of the Kandhs occurred in 1865, which was, how- ever, suppressed without the aid of regular troops.
The census of 1872 gives the area at 8500 square miles, including 3359 square miles occupied by the Mailiya or mountain region, and the population at 779,112 males and 740,976 females—total, 1,520,088 (with 4562 villages, and 341,404 houses), classrfied thus according to religion z—Hindus, l.513,673; Mahomctans, 4826; Christians, 1043; Buddhists or Jains, 45; “others,” 501. The
