the sea and the lake. The “ fem" (Coregonus fem) is economically the most important species. In the mud at the bottom of the lake there exists an interesting fauna, of about 40 species, mainly belonging to the lower orders. Several of the species, as (jummarus ccecus, are found 1000 feet below the surface, in the reign of perpetual darkness. Two species of gastropods of the genus Lim-naus are worthy of special note as possessing developed lungs. though they live at a depth of from 150 to 300
feet.[1]
See Rodolphe Rey, Omit-e ct lcs Tit-cs du Léman, 3d ed. (Geneva, 1875); Egli, Ttwclmibuch Schwcizcrischcn statistiks (Zurich, 1875); Herbst, liar Genfcr Sec und seine L'mgcbung (Wcimar, 1877).
GENEVA, a post village of Ontario county, New York, U.S., is beautifully situated at the north end of Seneca Lake, on the New York central railway and at the terminus of the Ithaca branch railway, 52 miles E.S.E. of Rochester. One of its chief features is the terraced gardens, which extend from the princile street to the shore of the lake ; and there are also two fine parks. Geneva is the seat of Hobart Free College, which is under Episcopalian management, and has 9 professors and about 50 students. It has also a graded union school, attended by upwards of 1000 pupils. The prosperity of the town depends chiefly on the nurseries in the neighbourhood, which extend to nearly 10,000 acres, and from which plants to the value of more than 1,000,000 dollars are shipped annually. There are also marble-works, benching-works, and iron-works. A daily line of steamers plies between Geneva and Watkins at the head of the lake. The population in 1870 was 55:21.
GENEVA CONVENTION, an agreement concluded at an international conference which was held at Geneva in 1864, under the presidency of General Dufour the Swiss plenipotentiary, for the purpose of ameliorating the condition of the sick and wounded in time of war. The credit of originating this conference must be given to two citizens of Geneva, Dunant, a physician, who published a startling account of what he had seen in two military hospitals on the fiell of S-Jlferino, and his friend Moynier, chairman of the Geneva society of public utility, who took up the idea of “neutralizing the sick waggons,” formed associations for its agitation, and at length pressed it upon the Govern- ments of Europe, mOst of which sent representatives to the conference. The convention was drawn up and signed by them on the 22d August, and since then it has received the adherence of every European power, and one Asiatic (viz., Persia). The convention consists of ten articles, of which the last two are formal.
The others provide (1) for the neutrality of ambulances and military hospitals as long as they contain any sick; (2) for that of their staff; (3) that the neutrality of these persons shall continue after occupation of their hospitals by the enemy, so that they may stay or depart, as they choose; (4) that if they depart, they can take only their private property with them, except in case of ambulances, which they may remove entire ; (5) that a sick soldier in a house shall be counted a protection to it, and entitle its occupant to exemption from the quartering of troops and from part of the war reqmsrtions; (6) that wounded men shall, when cured, be sent back to their own country on condition of not bearing arms during the rest of the war ; (7) that hospitals and ambulances shall carry, in addition to the flag of their nation, a distinctive and uniform flag bearing a red cross on a white gr ound, and that their staff shall wear an arm-badge of the same colours; (8) that the details shall be left to the commanders.
A second conference was held at Geneva on the same subject in 1868, and a supplementary convention drawn out, which, though not formally signed, has been acquiesced in by all the signatories of the original convention, except the pope, and which, while still unratificd, was adopted pro- visionally by France and Germany in their war of 1870. It consists partly of interpretations of the former convention, and partly of an application of its principles to maritime wars. Its main provisions are these :—
That, when a. person engaged in an ambulance or hospital occupied by the enemy desires to depart, the connnander-in-chief shall fix the time for his departure, and, when he desires to remain, that he be paid his full salary; that account shall be taken in exacting war requisitions not only of actual lodging of Wounded men but of any display of charity towards them; that the rule which permits cured soldiers to return home on condition of not serving again shall not a rply to ofliccrs, for their knowledge might be useful; that hos tital ships, merchantmcn with wounded on board, and boats picking up wounded and wrecked men, shall be neutral ; that they shall carry the red-cross flag and their men the red-cross armlet ; that hospital ships belonging to Government shall be painted white with a green strake, those of aid societies white with a red strake ; that in naval wars any strong presumption that the convention is being abused by one of the belligerents shall give the other the right of" suspending it towards that power till the contrary is proved, and, if the presumption becomes a certainty, of suspending it to the end of the war.
GENEVIÈVE, or Genovefa, St, patroness of Paris, flourished during the latter half of the 5th century. She was born about 425 at Xanterre near Paris, or according to another tradition at Montriere; her parents were called Severus and Gerontia, but accounts differ widely as to their social position. According to the legend, she was only in her seventh year when she was induced by Bishop (after- wards Saint) Germaiu d'Auxerre to dedicate herself to the religious life. On the death of her parents she removed to Paris, where she distinguished herself by the activity of hcr benevolence, as well as by the austerity of her sanctity. She is said to have been the recipient of supernatural rc- velatious, and to have predicted the invasion of the Hnns; and when Attila with his army was threatening the city, she gave courage to the panic-stricken inhabitants by an assurance, justified by subsequent events, to the effect that the attack would come to nothing (451). In the year 460 she caused a church to be built over the tomb of St Denis, where the abbey was afterwards raised by Dagobert I. Her death occurred in 500, or according to another account in 512, and her remains were ultimately laid in the chapel bearing herlname, which has now become merged in the Pantheon or Eglise St Genevieve. Charpcntier pub- lished in 1687 a life of the saint based upon the statements of an anonymous author who is alleged to have written her biography only eighteen years after her death. The legends, miraculous and other, are also given in the Bollandist Arm Sanctorum and in the great work of Tillemout. Her festival is celebrated on the 3d of January.
The “Canonici of St Geneviévc," or “Canonir-i of the congre. gation of France," constitute a religious order dating from 1614, in which year they were organized by Charles Fanrc, a reforming monk belonging to the abbey of St Vincent at Sr-nlis. They rapidly came into considerable repute; and for a considerable period the chancellor of the Sorbonne was invariably chosen from their order. The “ daughters of St Genevieve" were constituted in 1636 at Paris, at the instance of a pious mm of the name of lilosset, but since their union, in 1665, with the order “ of the Holy Family," whose lady-foundress was called Miramion, they have been best known as Miramioncs. They find their chief employment in tending the sick, and in the education of girls.
he was apprenticed to the woollen trade, but showed so much inclination for drawing that lie was sent to study under an obscure painter, and at thirteen under Luca Signorelli, with whom he remained a considerable while, frequently painting the accessories of his pictures. He was afterwards for three years with l’ietro I’erugino, in company with Raphael, and he developed asimilar style of painting. He next worked in Florence and Siena, along with Timoteo della Vite; and in the latter city he painted various cons positions for I’andolfo I’etrucci, the leading local statesman of the time. Returning to Urbino, he was employed by Duke
Guidobaldo in the decorations of his palace, and showed
- ↑ For details see Forel’s contributions to the Bulletin de la sac. rau- duue Ilrs 3", ant, t. xiii., Sec.
