350 I. ALLGEMEINES UND SPRACHE. 4. VEDIC GRAMMAR. 3. aśnate¹, grbhṇate, gṛhṇate (AV.), jānate, punáte (AV.) and punaté, badhnáte, rinaté, vrnáte. Present Subjunctive. 477. In the 2. 3. sing., subjunctive forms are indistinguishable from the indicative present, if formed with primary endings, and from the injunctive, if formed with secondary endings, as the modal sign a is merged in the strong stem; thus grbhnáti may be 3. sing. indicative or subjunctive; grbhnás may be 2. sing. injunctive or subjunctive. In such forms therefore the sense or con- struction of the sentence can alone decide their value. These as well as un- mistakable subjunctives are rare in this class. — Active. Sing. 2. grbhnás, junás.- 3. prṇāti (x. 24, cp. 25), pṛṇāt (AV.). – Pl. 1. junáma, mináma. Middle Du. I. krīnāvahai (TS. 1. 8. 4¹). Pl. 1. jānāmahai (AV.). Active. Sing. 1. kṣinām. minit3 (AV. VI. 110³). Middle. Sing. 2. hrnithas. stynīmáhi4. Present Injunctive. 2. rinas (AV. xx. 135¹¹). 3. jānắt, Pl. 3. minan, rinán (vIII. 728), scamnan. 3. grṇīta, grbhnīta, vrnīta. - —TE Present Optative. In the middle some forms of the optative cannot be distinguished from unaugmented forms of the imperfect, as the modal sign -ī is merged in the suffix -17. The forms actually occurring are very few, being found in the 2. 3. sing. only. FORM — Active. 3. aśnīyāt (AV.), grhṇīyát (AV.), jinīyát (AV.), prṇīyát. Middle. 2. jānīthās (Kh. Iv. 5³⁰º). 3. vrnita (TS.I.1.2¹ = vurīta, VS. IV. 8). Pl. I. Present Imperative. 478. The regular ending of the 2. sing. act. is -hi, while -dhi never occurs. Three verbs take -tät as well. One of these, grah-, and three others ending in a consonant, as, bandh, stambh-, take the peculiar ending -āná. Active. Sing. 2. gṛṇāhi ³ (TS. IV. 4. 125), gṛṇīhí, gṛbhṇīhi (AV.), gṛhṇāhi 5 (AV.), janīhi, punahi (SV.), punīhí, prnihi (AV.), mṛnihi, śṛṇahi (SV.), śrnahí śṛṇīhí¹, stṛṇīhi8 (AV.). With -tāt: grhṇītāt (AV.), jānītāt⁹ (TS. AV.), punītāt. With -ana: asana, grhāṇa ¹0 (x. 103¹2), badhana (AV.), stabhāná (AV.) 3. grṇātu, grhṇātu, jānātu (AV.), punātu, pṛṇātu (AV.), badhnātu (AV.), śṛṇātu (AV.), sinātu (AV.). Du. 2. aśnītám, gṛṇītam (TS. IV. 1. 8²), gṛhṇītam (AV.), prṇītám, śṛņītám, strnītám. 3. gṛṇītām, punītām (AV.). ¹ grnaté (AV. IV. 212), given by v. NEGE- LEIN as a finite form grnate (unaccented), is the dat. sing. of the participle. 2 This form is accented jánat in the Khila (III. 21) after RV. x. 103 (AUFRECHT's Rigveda², 682), but it is correct in the corresponding passage of the AV. (III. 26). 3 For mināt. 5 With strong base instead of grihi, gyhnīhi. 6 With strong base and irregular accent. 7 Also the transfer form śrna (AV. XIX. 45¹). 8 WHITNEY 723 quotes strnāhi from the TS. [VI. 3. 1²]. 9 v. NEGELEIN 57, line 6, seems to regard jätát (AV. XIX. 156), given as jñātät (un- accented), as an anomalous imperative; but it is the ablative of the past participle. 4 There seems to be no certain example of a 3. pl. AVERY 240 gives grbhnata, but this form (Ix. 147) appears to have an imperf. 10 Both forms are omitted by AVERY 243; sense; he adds vrnata with a query, but I the latter is regarded by GRASSMANN as a participle. cannot trace the form.
