V. COMPOUNDS. THE FIRST MEMBER OF COMPOUNDS. 149 I 'provided with food' (ášana-), ‘eating', and becomes common in the later Samhitas; e. g. sánga- (AV.) ‘accompanied by the limbs' (ánga-), sántardeša- (AV.) 'accompanied by the intermediate quarters' (antar-deśá-). When the meaning is (3.) ‘in common', 'same', 'identical'¹ sa-² is very common before consonants, as sá-keta- 'having the same intention', sá-lakṣman- 'having the same characteristics'; while sam- appears only in sam-śiśvarī- 'having a calf in common', sám-manas- (AV.) 'being of the same mind', unanimous', sám- mātṛ- ‘having the same mother'. In this sense sam- alone appears (as usual) before vowels: sám-anta- 'contiguous' ('having the same boundary'), sám-okas- 'having a common abode', 'living together'. 251. Particles, which for the most part have no independent existence, frequently appear as first member of compounds. I. The negative particle, the form of which in the sentence is na, almost invariably appears in composition as a-3 before consonants, and in- variably as an- before vowels. It completely reverses the meaning of the final member; thus mitrá- 'friend', a-mitra- 'enemy', śastí- 'praise', á-sasti- 'curse' 4. As participles, infinitives, and gerunds are nominal forms, they may be compounded with the privative particle: thus á-bibhyat- 'not fearing', á-budhya-mana- 'not waking', á-dasyant- (AV.) 'not about to give', á-vidvāms- 'not knowing'5. The syntactical form of the particle is very rare: na-murá- (AV¹.) 'non-dying' (?) 6. Perhaps also in ná-pat- 'grandson', if it originally meant 'un-protected'7. 2. su- 'well', 'very', except in the RV. very seldom used independently, and dus-ill', 'hardly', which occurs as a prefix only, appear as first member in determinatives and possessives; e. g. su-kára- 'easy to be done', sú-krta- 'well-done', su-da- 'giving willingly', su-vasaná- 'fair raiment', su-varná- 'fair- coloured', sv-ásva- 'having excellent horses'; dū-ḍās- (AV.) ‘not-worshipping', 'irreligious', dus-cyavaná- 'difficult to be felled', dur-vásas- 'having bad clothing', ‘ill-claď; dur-áha (AV¹.) ‘wail!’ is formed as an antithesis to sv-ắhā 'hail!'. - 3. There are a few prefixes beginning with k- which seem to be etymo- logically connected with the interrogative, and express depreciation, bad- ness, or difficulty: ku-9 in ku-cará- 'wandering about', ku-nakhin- (AV.) 'having diseased nails', ku-namnamá- 'hard to bend', kú-yava- (VS.) 'bringing bad harvest' ¹0; kad- in kat-payá- ‘swelling horribly'; kim- in kim-silá- (VS. TS. MS.) (land) 'having small stones', kim-purusá-, a kind of mythical being ('some- what like a man'); a collateral form kavā- perhaps in kavāri- ‘stingy', kavā- sakhá- 'selfish'¹¹. IO. 4. The particles -id and -cid make their way into the first member of compounds in the company of pronominal words to which they may he I samāna- is also used in this sense: as samāná-bandhu- 'having the same relatives'. 2 sa- has the sense of 'one' in sāhná- (AV.) "lasting one day', sa-krt ‘once', sa-divas and sa-dyás 'on one and the same day'. 3 This is the low-grade form (= n-) of ná-. 4 It frequently reverses the pregnant sense of the final member, as vi-sastý- (good)| dissector', a-visastý- "bad dissector'. 6 na-pumsa-ka- 'neuter' also occurs in MS. aud ŚB. 7 See LEUMANN, Festgruss an Böhtlingk, p. 77 f. For a few other doubtful compounds with na- see WACKERNAGEL 2¹, p. 78, note. 8 si occurs as an independent particle about 250 times (but never at the beginning of a sentence) in the RV., rarely in the later Samhitas: only 14 times in AV. 9 Often in adverbs such as ku-tas 'whence', kú-tra 'where'. 10 On a few doubtful compounds with ku-, see WACKERNAGEL 2¹, p. 83, note. II Also in kávā-tiryañc- (TS.) 'directed See KNAUER, Ueber die betonung der composita mit a privativum im Sanskrit, KZ. 27, 1-68; examples from the later Sain- hitās in DELBRÜCK, Altindische Syntax p. 540 f., Syntaktische Forschungen 2, p. 530f. somewhat across'.
