under supervision of the allied and American Navies, which will guard them.
Occupation of the principal German naval bases by sea forces of the victorious nations.
Release of allied and American soldiers, sailors, and civilians held prisoners in Germany without such reciprocal action by the associated Governments.
There was no information as to the circumstances under which the armistice was signed, but since the German courier did not reach German military headquarters until 10 o'clock yesterday morning, French time, it was generally assumed here that the German envoys within the French lines had been instructed by wireless to sign the terms.
Forty-seven hours had been required for the courier to reach the German headquarters, and unquestionable several hours were necessary for the examination of the terms and a decision.
It was regarded as possible, however, that the decision may have been made at Berlin and instructions transmitted from there by the new German Government.
Germany had until 11 o'clock this morning, French time, (6 o'clock, Washington time,) to accept. So hostilities will end at the hour set by Marshal Foch for a decision by Germany for peace or for continuation of the war.
The momentous news that the armistice had been signed was telephoned to the White House for transmission to the President a few minutes before it was given to the newspaper correspondents.
Later it was said that there would be no statement from the White House at this time.
Armistice Courier Was Much Delayed.
LONDON, Nov. 10, (British Wireless Service.)—The German courier bearing the text of the armistice conditions arrived at German headquarters at 10 o'clock this morning, according to the official announcement from Paris. The courier, Captain Helldorf, was long delayed while the German batteries persisted in bombarding the route he had to follow.
On Saturday morning the German delegates suggested that the courier's mission might be attempted by airplane. The French High Command saw no objection to this and offered to furnish a machine on condition that the German High Command pledge itself that the airplane would not be fired at. A rapid message was sent to German headquarters, which was replied to without delay as follows:
"We grant free passage to the French airplane bringing our courier. We are issuing orders that it shall not be attacked by any of our machines. For the purpose of recognition it should carry two white flags very clearly marked."
The orders from the German headquarters staff, however, were inoperative as regarded the land batteries, for on La Capelle road the enemy's fire, despite reiterated requests to desist, went on without intermission.
A French airplane, piloted by an officer of the French Air Service, was soon available, and the pilot was ordered to hold himself ready to start on his journey. About that time a message came from General Headquarters, announcing that orders for the cessation of fire had been given to the batteries directed against La Capelle Road, and that Captain Helldorf was at liberty to start by automobile. Almost immediately the German fire ceased, and the courier set out on the road for Spa at 3:20 o'clock in the afternoon.
German headquarters was notified of his departure, and informed that he might be expected to arrive in the evening. But the road was long and hard, and many delays occurred.
PARIS, Nov. 10.—"It is possible," says the Temps, after recording the delayed arrival of the German courier at Spa with the armistice conditions, "that, owing to this delay, due to material circumstances, the seventy-two hours' grace may be prolonged. Such prolongation may be necessary through the events which are occupying Germany."
BERLIN, Nov. 10. (By Wireless to London, 3:50 P.M.)—The arrival of the armistice conditions in Berlin is expected hourly.
LONDON, Nov. 9.—The German armistice terms, The Daily Express says it understands, are even more stringent than those forecast on Oct. 31. Germany will be absolutely deprived, the newspaper adds, of further military power or action on land and sea and in the air.
The British War Cabinet sat late tonight, Premier Lloyd George having returned purposely from the country.
Mr. Balfour, the Foreign Minister, had an audience today with the King, who, on account of the armistice situation, has postponed his projected tour of the provinces.
A message from the German Commissaries to the German High Command, transmitted by the French Government wireless, says:
"We acknowledge receipt of two radios announcing the arrival of the four Commissaries (delegates?) and their probably delay for some hours."
HARDEN PREDICTED TRUCE BY YESTERDAY
Versailles Terms Hard, He Said, but Germany Must Not Forget Her Record in 1871.
By GEORGE RENWICK.
Copyright, 1918, by The New York Times Company.
Special Cable to The New York Times.
AMSTERDAM, Nov. 8.—"I believe by Sunday the guns will be at rest," said Maximilian Harden in a lecture on Wednesday in Berlin. Minute-long applause followed the statement. Reason had triumphed, he went on, and though the conditions formulated at Versailles would be hard, Germany must not forget that forty-seven years ago the Germans at the same place set forth iron-hard terms.
Dealing with the problem, who was to blame for the sorry position wherein Germany now found herself, Harden said that civilians might be acquitted of guilt for what was done in August, 1914. It was the military régime which was to blame for the war.
In August last, he went on, Ludendorff, for the first time, recognized the impossibility of victory, and advised von Hintze to make peace. Though Harden termed Ludendorff the "German Bonaparte," and said he accomplished great things, "it cannot be hidden," he added, "that he was completely deceived regarding the economic and technical strength of the Entente. But things would not have happened as they have, had not Hindenburg and Ludendorff for four years kept the German people in a maze of falsehood and deception as to the actual situation. The policy of the military leaders has suffered the most complete shipwreck."
Harden supported the demand for the abdication of the Kaiser, and warned the Government that it was necessary to protect the country against Bolshevism.
TAKES OVER WOLFF BUREAU
'Comrade William Karle' in Control of Semi-Official Agency.
BERLIN, Nov. 10, (via London.)—An official communication issued today says the Wolff Bureau, the semi-official news agency, has been placed under control of "Comrade William Karle."
No records showing who William Karle is are available. If he is a journalist his name has not appeared among those who have been writing for the German press during the war.
American Flier Drowned Off England
LONDON, Nov. 8.—Lieutenant George Nolonebe, an aviator from California, fell with his machine into the sea on Wednesday night and was drowned.
NEWS OF ARMISTICE FLASHED TO CITY
Signing of Truce Tidings Wafted Afar by Searchlight on Times Building.
CROWDS GATHER IN STREETS
Whistles Throughout City Proclaim Glad News, and Thousands Awake to Get the Tidings.
When the first bulletin of the signing of the armistice, with the acceptance of the terms of the Allies, came into the office of The New York Times shortly before 3 o'clock this morning orders were given immediately for the lighting up of both The Times Building and The Times Annex, and they remained lighted throughout the rest of the hours of darkness.
A few minutes after the first word had reached the newspaper office the searchlight on the tower of The Times Building played its rays all over the city. It had been put into operation to announce the results of the election on last Tuesday, and the flashing of more momentous news attracted crowds to Times Square.
In such a few minutes that it was almost beyond the belief of persons who have never seen a great city rejoicing over the greatest of former victories and over events of a magnitude to stun the mind, the Square was filled with many hundreds of persons. It was a mystery to all where they came from. Many came out of the subway, others came out of the restaurants, cigar stores, and other places that remain open all night.
This throng was increased by drivers who left their milk wagons, their newspaper wagons, by men on their way to work, by taxicab chauffeurs, by street car conductors, and by many other folk who had heard the tooting of sirens in their neighborhoods and who arose from their beds to find out just what was the latest event of a day that will be marked forever in history.
The display of large bulletins in the windows of The Times Building saying that the armistice had been signed, together with the news in the earlier editions of the paper that the former German Kaiser had fled from just retribution, moved these many hundreds to full-throated and full-lunged jubilance.
The same bulletins were displayed in the windows of the offices of The Times in other parts of the city, and soon they were the centre of crowds that had forgotten completely that the city had already had one day of celebration over what had been a false report of the event all longed for.
Celebration began all over again, and at that late hour it looked as if the city would outdo its "fake rumor" day, or London's Mafeking Day, and every other day where millions rejoiced.
Police sirens and bells all over the city again took up the Swan Song of the Kaiser, of militarism, and thousands were waked from their slumbers by the din. Hundreds got up from their beds and walked the streets in tousled clothes to get confirmation of the news they had been expecting. Other hundreds saw the flashing of the searchlights from the tower of The Times and telephone calls by the hundreds began to pour into the newspaper office.
The invariable question was: "Has the armistice been signed?" and when the question was answered with the affirmative, with the additional information that the Kaiser's right to rule had passed with him in unroyal flight, there were cheers at the other end of the wire.
Among the hundreds around the bulletin boards in Times Square were many sailors and soldiers who had service stripes on their sleeves, some of them having more than one stripe. Many had medals, and many more had scars, scars put upon them by the soldiers of the man whose downfall was reported.
At first these men were unable to comprehend the news. The crowds of civilians were not so slow. They seized the soldiers and sailors and made them prisoners to admiration. The crowd waltzed the soldiers and sailors on their shoulders and bounced them around, pounded them on the backs, cheered them, set them down and tried to force them to make speeches, and then drowned their first words with cheers.
Groans and cries went up from the crowd when the name of William Hohenzollern was mentioned. "Poor Bill! He tried to pinch off the world! He's gone! Bill's dead," one man cried. The man who was taken seriously only a few weeks ago had suddenly become a joke because the allied armies had beaten him so decisively and because he had run away, with his Crown Prince, his General Staff, and a train full of food.
GERMAN DYNASTIES BEING WIPED OUT
Continued from Page 1, Column 2.
the throne as Grand Duke Sept. 28, 1907.
- BAVARIA—King Ludwig III., proclaimed Nov. 5, 1913.
- BRUNSWICK—Duke Ernest Augustus.
HESSE—Grand Duke Ernest Ludwig, succeeded at the death of his father March 13, 1892.
LIPPE—Prince Leopold IV. Leopold assumed the Regency in succession to his father, Sept. 27, 1904, but the right of succession was claimed by Prince Georg of Schaumburg-Lippe, and the dispute was settled in Leopold's favor by a judicial court at Leipsig, Oct. 25, 1905.
MECKLENBURG-SCHWERIN—Grand Duke Friedrich Frans IV. succeeded on the death of his father, April 10, 1897.
OLDENBURG—Grand Duke Friedrich August succeeded at the death of his father, June 13, 1900.
PRUSSIA—Wilhelm II. succeeded his father, June 15, 1888.
REUSS, (Elder Branch)—Prince Heinrich XXIV. succeeded his father, April 19, 1902.
REUSS, (Younger Branch)—Prince Heinrich XXVII. succeeded his father, March 29, 1913.
SAXE-ALTENBURG—Duke Ernest II. succeeded to the throne, Feb. 7, 1908.
SAXE-COBURG AND GOTHA.—Duke Charles Edward, succeeded his uncle, Alfred, July 30, 1900.
SAXE-MEININGEN.—Duke Bernhard, succeeded on the death of his father, June 25, 1914.
GRAND DUCHY OF SAXE-WEIMAR-EISENACH.—Grand Duke Wilheim Ernst, succeeded his grandfather, Jan. 5, 1901.
- KINGDOM OF SAXONY.—King Friedrich August III., succeeded to the throne on the death of his father, Oct. 15, 1904.
SCHAUMBURG-LIPPE.—Prince Adolf, succeeded his father, April 29, 1911.
SCHWARZBURG-RUDOLSTADT—Prince Gunther succeeded his cousin Jan. 19, 1890.
SCHWARZBURG-SONDERHAUSEN—Since the decease on March 28, 1909, of Prince Karl Gunther, this principality has been united with Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt by a personal bond of union under the government of Prince Gunther.
WALDECK—Prince Friedrich succeeded at the death of his father, May 12, 1893.
- WURTTEMBERG—King Wilheim II. ascended the throne Oct. 6, 1891.
Had Reigned Since 1891.
Wilheim II., King of Wüttemberg, was born Feb. 25, 1848, the son of Prince Friedrich of Württemberg and of Princess Katharine of Württemberg. He ascended the throne Oct. 6, 1891. He married twice. His first wife was Princess Katharine of Württenberg. He died April 30, 1882, leaving a daughter, Princess Pauline, born Dec. 19, 1877. His second wife was Princess Charlotte of Schaumburg-Lippe, who died April 8, 1886.
The former Duchy of Württemberg became, with a large increase of territory, an electorate in 1803 and was created a kingdom by the Peace of Pressburg, 1805, and by a decree of Jan. 1, 1806. Württemberg is a constitutional hereditary monarchy, the Constitution of which bears the date of Sept. 25, 1819, but changes were made in 1905.
Friedrich August III. was born May 25, 1865, the son of King George, and succeeded to the throne on the death of his father, Oct. 15, 1904. He married Princess Luise of Tuscany Nov. 21, 1891, and the marriage was dissolved Feb. 11, 1903. Children born of the marriage were Prince George, Prince Friedrich Christian, Prince Ernst Heinrich, Princess Margarethe, Princess Marie Alix and Princess Anna Monica.
The royal house of Saxony is one of the oldest reigning families in Europe. Saxony included the Governmental divisons of Dresden, Leipsig, Bautzen, Chemnitz, and Swickau. Its estimated population in 1914 was 4,984,500, and its areas is 5,787 square miles.
Although the religion of the royal family is Catholic, the vast majority of the inhabitants are Protestants. In proportion to its size Saxony is the busiest industrial State in the German Empire.
The house of Saxony dates back to Heinrich of Ellenberg, of the family of Wettin, who was Margrave of Meissen, 1089-1103. The house spread subsequently into numerous branches, the elder of which, called the Ernestine line, is represented by the ducal families of Saxe-Alternburg, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, and Saxe-Meiningen, and the grand ducal family of Saxe-Weimar, while the tounger, the Albertine line, lives in the rules of the Kingdom of Saxony. In 1806 the Elector Friedrich August III., on entering the Confederation of the Rhine, took from Napoleon the title of King of Saxony, which was confirmed by the Congress of Vienna in 1815.
PARIS CONVINCED WAR IS FINISHED
Germans Must and Will Surrender, Is Prevalent Feeling in Boulevard Throngs.
Copyright, 1918, by The New York Times Company.
Special Cable to The New York Times.
PARIS, Nov. 10.—Are the Germans manoeuvring for a further military struggle or are they prepared to surrender, no matter what the terms?
That is a question the French people are asking themselves. But putting the question apparently is more for the sake of speculative interest than because of doubt. There is remarkable unanimity in the answer to the effect the Germany must and will surrender.
The thought that is in the air all over Paris is, "The war is finished." You can feel it. You can see it in the faces in the street. It is just as tangible a thing as was the gloom last Spring and Summer, before the beginning of the great victory of July 18.
It is many weeks since things have fallen out of the sky to kill Parisians and damage property. Today things are going up, instead. I mean toy balloons. This is worth mentioning, because, if anything is symbolic of festive cheer, it is the sight of old men and women in the crowds with bunches of red and blue balloons over their shoulders to sell to the children.
There are such crowds today in the Place de la Concorde and the Champs Elysées looking at the hundreds of captured German cannon and gleefully commenting on the coming of a white flag from the armies that were so recently using those same cannon with deadly effect against the allied troops.
There are thousands of these cannon of all kinds and all calibers clustered thickly in the centre of the Place de la Concorde, where the guillotine was set up a little over a century ago, and spreading out in long lines along the Seine, in the Tuileries Gardens and up the Champs Elysées.
In one short block I counted 130 big cannon pointing at one another on opposite sides of the street.
On a smaller scale it is the same way throughout the towns all over France, where captured cannon are being given to municipalities for public squares as rewards for their good showing on Liberation Loan subscriptions.
There are no rope guards around the captured guns in the Paris streets. Children are allowed to swarm over them, play horse on them, fight imaginary battles, and monkey with the mechanism that raises and lowers the muzzles to their hearts' content.
Thousands of pairs of little breeches in Paris are no doubt streaked with rust from climbing over the cannon today. But no boy gets scolded. The war is finished, says the crowd, and the great victory is ours; nothing else matters for the moment.
More seriously there is much comment on the personnel of Germany's truce quartet. Von Winterfeld is thought as little of in Paris as a Bernstorff or von Papen would be in New York.
But inasmuch as Foch will do all the talking at the armistice conferences nobody cares much about the personality of those who bear the white flag. The development of the last few days, the Austrian surrender and the German surrender being almost taken for granted, seem to have done much to change that portion of French public opinion which was adverse to conversations between Washington and Berlin.
AUSTRIA SENDS BACK 250,000 ITALIANS
Released Prisoners Say They Found Little Violence, Except in Hunger Strikes.
ITALIAN ARMY HEADQUARTERS IN NORTHERN ITALY, Nov. 10, (Associated Press.)—More than a quarter of a million Italian prisoners of war held in Austria have been returned to Italy. Sick and wounded men will be returned later by way of Switzerland.
The repatriated soldiers say that violent conditions are not prevalent in Austria, except disorders due to hunger strikes. They declare that the civilians desire heartily to see the return of their own men home. The soldiers in Austria are indifferent or else express happiness that the war is over.
Italian officers returning from Austria express the opinion that for the present there will be no disturbances in Austria like those in Russia.
PEACE CONFERENCE NOW LONDON TOPIC
Speed a Prime Requisite, it is Believed, in Bringing Plenipotentiaries Together.
QUESTION IS "WHAT NEXT?"
Germany Not Thought Likely to Go to the Extremes Seen in Russia and Austria.
Copyright, 1918, by The New York Times Company.
Special Cable to The New York Times.
LONDON, Monday, Nov. 11.—While it will be necessarily take some time to arrange the preliminaries for a peace conference, since America's plenipotentiaries, for instance, could hardly arrive with requisite agenda under a month, and in some quarters a much longer period is expected to elapse before the conference gets to work, there is a profound feeling here that the utmost expedition is desirable.
The expectation here is that the first step will be to summon a more or less informal conference of the Allies to settle the preliminaries. Much, however, will depend on the question as to what enemy Governments will be in existence to deal with.
The conclusion of hostilities finds England with greatly enhanced prestige in the world and with power such as she never before wielded. The Chronicle says:
"By her alliance with America she is indeed arbiter of war and peace in the universe. Satisfaction is profound in this country that the peace is in every sense a British peace, responding exactly to our desires and providing, if such is possible, some compensation for our sacrifices."
However, the lengths to which the revolution will go in Germany will influence to a large extent the character of the peace. Some fears are expressed that no durable government may at first rise out of the ashes of imperialism. On the other hand, a wide extension of the revolution does not necessarily portend Bolsehvism, as it is considered that the natural discipline of the German people will restrain them from excesses, provided the morale of the army is not too hopelessly compromised by the sweeping movements of the allied troops.
It is clearly within the power of any General who retains the confidence of his troops to restore quiet by suppressing outbreaks. An analogy between Russia and Germany is by no means complete, for the Germans are educated and accustomed to self-control.
The weakness of the position, however, resides in the fact that the middle classess lack initiative and have depended in the past entirely upon the Government.
They are therefore little likely to contribte materially to the re-establishment of order. Again there is not the same reason why Germany should follow the example of Austria and break into constitutent parts.
There are no racial differences to accentuate the political divisions in the German Empire, yet there are undoubted signs of separatism. The effort to form a republic in Schleswig-Holstein is due largely to racial causes, for the Danish element is notoriously anti-German.
Though Ebert belongs to the majority Socialists, who until recently supported the Government in all its proceedings, there is evidence elsewhere that minority Socialists such as Haase and Ledebour at Hamburg are themselves co-operating to restore order. The danger is that tomorrow the public, maddened by its sufferings and by deceptions practiced upon it, will proceed to extreme lengths.
OLD NORTH CHIMES RING.
Bells Which Have Pealed for Great Historical Events Again Sounded.
BOSTON, Nov. 10.—The chime of bells in the tower of the Old North Church, Salem Street, which for 180 years has pealed in celebration of great historical events, again rang out today in celebration of the announced abdication of the German Emperor.
Patriotic airs were chimed from 10:15 to 10:45 A.M. These chimes were played before the Revolution by Peter Faneuil and Paul Revere. They pealed out the glad news when the Stamp Act was repealed in 1776, and informed Boston of the Declaration of Independence in the same year.
Polish Republic Announced; Galicia Is Taken Over
AMSTERDAM, Nov. 9.—A message from Cracow announces the formation of a Polish Republic under the Presidency of Deputy Daszynski.
AMSTERDAM, Nov. 10.—Professor Lammasch, the Austrian Premier, has received official notification, says a dispatch from Vienna, that Poland has assumed sovereignty over Galicia.
Galicia is a crownland of Austria-Hungary north of the Carpathians. It has an area of 30,307 square miles and in normal times had a population of some 7,000,000.
TRAVEL FROM HOLLAND TO PARIS BY AUTO
Americans Find German Electric Barrier Destroyed and Vast Stores Abandoned.
By CHARLES H. GRASTY.
Copyright, 1918, by The New York Times Company.
Special Cable to The New York Times.
PARIS, Nov. 10.—An automobile journey overland from Holland to Paris has just been completed by Gilman Paul, Secretary, and Captain Robert Goelet, Assistant Military Attaché of the American Legation at The Hague. They left there a little over a week ago and made their way from The Hague to Flushing and ferried across the Scheldt to Breskens, where they were met by a French military motor.
Crossing the Dutch frontier at Sluis, they were compelled to make a detour via Zeebrugge to Bruges, the direct road having been blown up by the Germans.
The actual time occupied was two days, but several days were spent on the way taking observations.
Paul and Goelet say that the electric fence which the Germans maintained between Holland and Germany, with its 4,000 volts of current, has been destroyed and that work is progressing on road repairs, so that within a few days an auto trip from Paris to Holland can be completed in twenty-four hours.
They saw mountains of material that had been abandoned by the German Army in the retreat.
Mr. Paul and Captain Goelet came to Paris to prepare for a weekly courier service overland between Paris and The Hague.
PARIS CROWDS CHEER NEWS.
Await the Armistice Bulletin While Rejoicing in Fresh Victories.
Copyright, 1918, by The New York Times Company.
Special Cable to The New York Times.
PARIS, Nov. 9.—The moonlit boulevards and streets of Paris were filled tonight with joyous crowds, waiting momentarily for expected news of the armistice. In the meantime, all other good news was received with shouts, and it is coming fast. Hardly had the crowds finished cheering over the request of Prince Maximilian made to be relieved of the Chancellorship when newspaper office bulletins recorded the fact that the Kaiser had abdicated.
Almost simultanouesly Paris learned that Romanoues had become Premier of Spain and General Coanda Premier of Rumania. Both these men are firm friends of the Allies. Coanda's wife is a Frenchwoman.
But all these big things, even to abdication itself, which had been discounted, were looked upon only as the curtain-raisers for the big fact yet to come of the ending of the war. No details have been received here as to who will succeed the Kaiser, but it is taken for granted that the German Socialists are in the saddle.
TOWNSHEND REACHES PARIS
British General Captured at Kut Shows Signs of Privations.
Copyright, 1918, by The New York Times Company.
Special Cable to The New York Times.
PARIS, Nov. 10.—General Townshend, the British commander captured by the Turks at Kut, arrived in Paris today. He will remain here for some time. He shows signs of the severe treatment he experienced, together with his fellow-prisoners, at the hands of the Turks.
NEW YORK.
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Volunteer Autos Wanted
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Report Daily at 9 A.M.
Greater New York
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