1885). Consult also, Bourget, Nouveaux Essais (Paris, 1885).
AMIENS, li'inyaN' (From the Lat. Ambiani,
the name of a Belgic tribe; literally "dwellers on
the water;" compare Gadhel, abhain, abhuinne,
water, a river). The capital of ancient Picardy
and of the present French department of Somme,
situated on the River Somme, 81 miles by rail
from Paris (Map: France, J 2). The residential
section is well built with wide, well-paved streets
and fine squares. The business part of the town
is crossed by several canals, and is rather unat-
tractive. The old town is surrounded with
boulevards, which occupy the site of the ancient
fortifications, and there is in the western part of
the town an extensive pleasure ground, the
Promenade de la Hotoie, used for public concerts
and festivals. The world-famous cathedral is
situated in the eastern part of the city, facing
the Place Notre Dame. Besides being the largest
ecclesiastical edifice of France, the cathedral of
Amiens is also one of the finest specimens of
Gothic architecture in Europe. Its construction
was begun in 1220 by the architect Robert de
Luzarches. and was continued by Thomas de
Cormont and his son Renault. It was finished in
1288, but many additions have been made since;
the two side towers of the western façade, how-
ever, are still unfinished. The length of the ca-
thedral is 470 feet, that of the transept 213 feet,
and the width of the nave 144 feet. The main
façade has three lofty porches profusely decora-
ted with statuary and other sculptural orna-
ments. The central spire over the transept is
very slender, and 360 feet in height. The inte-
rior is also very imposing. The nave is 147 feet
high, and the vaulting is supported by 126 col-
umns. There are numerous chapels, and the
transepts are covered with fine reliefs. At the
sides of the nave are placed bronze statues of the
two founders of the cathedral, and there are also
large marble statues at the entrance to the choir.
Besides the cathedral the most noteworthy build-
ings are the town hall and the Château d'Eau,
where the water works of the city are situated.
Of educational establishments Amiens has a ly-
ceum, a medical school, a theological seminary,
a municipal library, with about 100,000 volumes
and nearly 600 manuscripts, and the museum of
Picardy, containing collections of antiquities,
sculptures, and paintings. Amiens was of con-
siderable industrial importance as early as the
twelfth Century, and in the sixteenth century it
became one of the largest centres of the textile
industry in France. At present the chief manu-
factures of Amiens are linen, woolens, silk, plush,
and shoes. Amiens is the seat of a bishop and of
a court of appeals. Pop., 1901, 90,758.
Amiens was anciently known as Samarobriva, and was the capital of the Gallic Ambiani. Cæsar included it in Gallia Belgica, and it became a Roman stronghold; Marcus Aurelius adorned it. In the fifth century it fell into the hands of the Franks. In 1185 Philip Augustus, in consolidating the kingdom, induced Philip of Alsace to cede it to the crown. The famous Treaty of Amiens between Great Britain on one side and France, Spain, and the Batavian Republic on the other, in which Great Britain recognized the changes made by France in the map of Europe, and gave up most of her recent conquests, was signed in the Hôtel de Ville on March 27, 1802. Among notable men born in this city was Peter the Hermit.
AMINA, a-nie'na. In Bellini's opera. La
t-oiinambula, the heroine, an orphan, who walked
in sleep.
AMIN'ADAB SLEEK. See Sleek, Amin-AUAi;.
AMINE, a-men'. The name of two characters
in the Arabian Nights. (1) In the History of Sidi Nouman, his wife, whose habit of eating only so much rice as she could pick up on a bodkin excited his suspicions, and who, he discovered, partook of ghoulish feasts in the cemetery. She used also to lead her three sisters about like hounds. (2) In the story of Three Ladies of Bagdad, the half-sister of Zobeide and wife of Amin, the Caliph's son, who becomes estranged from her, but is reconciled.
AM'INES (Derived from ammonia). A gen-
eral term applied in organic chemistry to an im-
portant class of basic compounds derived by sub-
stituting hydro-carbon radicles like methyl
(CHj), ethyl (C.Hj), etc., for one or more of the
hydrogen atoms of ammonia (NHj). The com-
pound CH-NK. is called methyl-amine; the com-
pound (CHjjoNH — di-methyl-amine; the com-
pound (CHsJaN — tri-methyl-amine. An amine
derived by replacing one hydrogen atom of am-
monia is called a primary amine; one derived by
replacing two hydrogens is called a secondary
amine; finally, one derived by replacing all of the
hydrogen of ammonia is called a tertiary amine.
The three compounds just mentioned are exam-
ples, respectively, of primary, secondary, and
tertiary amines.
The amines may be readily prepared by the action of halogen substitutive products of the hydrocarbons upon ammonia (Hofmann's method). Thus, by the action of mono-iodo- ethane (ethyl iodide) upon ammonia, one or more ethyl groups (C^Hj) are introduced into the molecule of ammonia (NH,), according to the following chemical equations, which usually take place simultaneously:
CHsI -h NHs = Ethyl- Ammonia iodide Ethyl-amine + HI Hydriodic acid + SHI . 2CaH5l + NH3 = (C2Ho)2NH Di-ethyl-amine . SC.HsI + NHs = (CJl6)3N + SHI Tri-ethyl-amine
As the amines are powerful bases, they combine, of course, with the hydriodic acid formed in these reactions, producing salts like C.HjNHJII, from which the amines are readily isolated by distilling with caustic alkalies.
Simultaneously with the above three reactions, a fourth reaction takes place: viz., between the halogen substitution product of the hydrocarbon and the tertiary amine produced in the third reaction. This fourth reaction, in the case of tri-ethyl-amine, is represented by the following equation:
. C,HJ -f (CJI,)3N = (C,H,),NI Ethyl-iodide Tri-cthyl-amine Tclr-clliyl-am. uioniiim iodide
The compound formed in this reaction is evidently ammonium iodide (H^NI), all the hydrogen of which has been replaced by ethyl-groups (C2H5); it is therefore named tetr-ethyl-ammonium-iodide. When treated in aqueous solution with silver hydroxide, it is transformed into tetr-
