two differences, will be the true difference with the error of transmission eliminated. This method has the advantage of not depending upon the computed position of the star. The instrumental errors may be allowed for, as well as the rate of the clocks, and the personal error may be eliminated by the exchange of stations.
There are disadvantages inseparable from this method, however, especially when the meridian distance is great. A star observed at the first station, may be obscured by clouds at the time of its meridian passage at the second. And the weather generally, at the two stations may be cloudy, so that while stars can be observed at intervals, yet it may be impossible to note the meridian passage of the same star at both places on the same night. Then the telegraph lines are usually the property of some commercial company and while their use for a short time might be freely granted, yet a protracted occupation of them as necessary when the meridians are distant from each other, would prove a serious hindrance to their regular business.
The method at this time most generally employed, is to observe at each station a number of stars entirely independently of the other. From those stars are deduced the clock errors and rates upon the respective local times. Then at some prearranged period, communication is opened between the stations, and a comparison of the clocks made which shows their exact difference at a given instant. By applying the error to the time as shown by the clock at this instant, the exact local time at each station is the result, and applying the difference between the clocks as shown by the comparison, the required difference of longitude is readily obtained.
These methods originated, as did the electric telegraph, in the United States, and soon after Morse's invention came into practical use, they were extensively employed by the Coast Survey, in accurately determining points in every part of the country that could be reached, no pains being spared to make the determinations as accurate as possible. Upon the completion of the first successful Atlantic able in 1866, an expedition was organized and placed in charge of Dr. B. A. Gould, for the purpose of measuring the meridian distance between Greenwich and the Naval Observatory at Washington. This was successfully carried out in spite of numerous difficulties, and the result proved that the determinations already made upon which the most
