Page:The National geographic magazine, volume 1.djvu/46

There is a final category which is in part allied to alteration but is in part unique, viz: the chemic, mechanical, and dynamic action of organic life. Ever since the terrestrial crust become so stable as to retain a definite record of the stages of world-growth, life has existed and by its traces has furnished the accepted geologic chronology: at first the organisms were simple and lowly, and affected the rocks chemically through their processes of growth and decay, as do the lower plants and animals of the present; later, certain organisms contributed largely of their own bodily substance to the growing strata; and still later, the highest organisms, with man at their head, have by dynamic action interfered directly with gradation, alteration, and wind-action, and thus, perhaps, indirectly with the more deep-seated processes of world growth. The vital forces are too varied in operation to be conveniently grouped and named.

These categories comprise the various processes contemplated by the geologist, and collectively afford an adequate basis for a genetic classification of geologic science. Their relations are shown in the accompanying table:

Classification of Geologic Processes.

Principal Categories	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	1.—Deformation.	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Antecedent<Epeirogenic	$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Elevation.
				Consequent>Orogenic.		Depression.
		2.—Gradation.			$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Deposition.
						Degradation.
Subordinate Categories.			$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	1.—Vulcanism.	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Extravasation.
						(Antithesis of Extrav.)
				2.—Alteration.	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Lithifaction.
						Decomposition.
				3.—Glaciation.	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Glacial construction.
						Glacial destruction.
				4.—Wind action.	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Wind construction.
						Wind destruction.
				5.—Vital action.	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Various constructive and
						destructive processes.

On applying this classification to geographic forms, the various phenomena immediately fall into the same arrangement. The continents, great islands, mountain systems, and non-volcanic ranges and peaks generally, the oceans, seas, and some bays, gulfs and lakes, evidently represent the diastatic category of movements. These greater geographic features have long been named