northern climates fit for the production of tropical plants, and for the residence of the elephant, and the other inhabitants of the torrid zone, it is impossible to say.
The relative quantity of heat received by the earth at different moments during a single revolution, varies with the position of the perigee of its orbit, which accomplishes a tropical revolution in 20935 years. In the year 1250 of our era, and 29653 years before it, the perigee coincided with the summer solstice; at both these periods the earth was nearer the sun during the summer, and farther from him in the winter than in any other position of the apsides: the extremes of temperature must therefore have been greater than at present; but as the terrestrial orbit was probably more elliptical at the distant epoch, the heat of the summers must have been very great though possibly compensated by the rigour of the winters; at all events, none of these changes affect the length of the day.
It appears from the marine shells found on the tops of the highest mountains, and in almost every part of the globe, that immense continents have been elevated above the ocean, which must have which must have engulphed others. Such a catastrophe would be occasioned by a variation in the position of the axis of rotation on the surface of the earth; for the seas ending to the new equator would leave some portions of the globe, and overwhelm others.
But theory proves that neither nutation, precession, nor any of the disturbing forces that affect the system, have the smallest influence on the axis of rotation, which maintains a permanent position on the surface, if the earth be not disturbed in its rotation by some foreign cause, as the collision of a comet which may have happened in the immensity of time. Then indeed, the equilibrium could only have been restored by the rushing of the seas to the new equator, which they would continue to do, till the surface was every where perpendicular to the direction of gravity. But it is probable that such an accumulation of the waters would not be sufficient to restore equilibrium if the derangement had been great; for the mean density of the sea is only about a fifth part of the mean density of the earth, and the mean depth even of the Pacific ocean is not
