CHAPTER 9
LACK OF EFFECTIVE MONITORING OF THE TERRACES
160. Monitoring the spectators on the terraces so as to avoid overcrowding involves observing the numbers and their distribution in each area, making decisions as to when an area is "full", taking steps to close it off and moving spectators from one area to another, if necessary. It is a function beset by three problems. 1) Who should carry it out? 2) When is an area "full"? 3) Fear of hooliganism.
Who should Monitor the Terraces?
161. Should it be the host club via its stewards? Should it be the police? Should it be both? Or should it be by arrangement, depending upon the ground or section of the ground in question?
162. In principle, a football club which invites the public to a match on its premises for reward is responsible for securing safety at that event. The Green Guide (1986) provides:
"23. The safety of the public inside the ground is the responsibility of those who stage the event and administer the ground in which it is held, ie the "management". This responsibility applies in both normal and emergency situations...
195. ...there are five basic duties which stewards are called upon to carry out. These are:
(a)controlling or directing members of the public who are entering or leaving the ground, to help achieve an even flow of people to the viewing areas and safe dispersal of spectators on the terraces or viewing slopes;(b)patrolling the ground to deal with any emergencies, eg raising alarms or extinguishing fires;(c)manning entrances, exits and other strategic points, especially exit doors and gates which are continuously open whilst the ground is in use;(d)assisting police as appropriate or as requested with crowd control; and(e)undertaking specific duties in an emergency."
The Interim Popplewell Report
163. There was considerable controversy in the course of the public inquiry held by Mr Justice Popplewell in 1985 as to the responsibility of the club and the police. In paragraph 3.6 of his interim report, Mr Justice Popplewell quoted from a report produced for the Minister of Housing and Local Government in 1969 as follows:
"The responsibility for controlling crowd behaviour is divided between the police and the club operating the ground. The broad line of division being that police are responsible for movement of spectators in public thoroughfares and from public thoroughfares into the ground, while the club is responsible for the control of spectators once they are on the club's premises . .."
Mr Justice Popplewell said he did not quarrel with that view and went on to observe that in practice the police have to take charge and be responsible for controlling crowd behaviour. He then said (paragraph 3.8):
"It follows, therefore, that as a matter of practice, while the physical safety of the building and the maintenance and good housekeeping of the ground must always be the responsibility of the club, the police have to take the de facto responsibility of organising the crowd, with all that entails, during the game ..."
Mr Justice Popplewell went on to instance evacuation of the ground as a procedure in which only the police could bear the responsibility of supervising the organisation of the crowd.
The Final Popplewell Report
164. He harked back to this subject in chapter 4 of his Final Report. There, he came down more firmly in favour of holding the club responsible for crowd safety. At paragraph 4.13 he said "Because, as a matter of
