These are the characteristics peculiar to the silver-fir. Others it shares with the fir and the other trees of this class. [1]For instance, sometimes a tree is 'four-cleft,' sometimes 'two-cleft'; it is called 'four-cleft' when on either side of the heart-wood there are two distinct and diverse lines of fissure: in that case the blows of the axe follow these lines in cases where the hewing stopped short on either side of the heart-wood.[2] For the nature of the lines of fissure compels the hewing to take this course. Silver-firs or firs thus formed are said to be 'four-cleft.' And these are also the fairest trees for carpentry, their wood being the closest and possessing the aigis.[3] Those which are 'two-cleft' have one single line of fissure on either side of the heart-wood, and the lines of fissure do not correspond to each other, so that the hewing also is performed by cuts which follow the two lines of fissure, so as to reach the two sides of the heart-wood at different angles. Now such wood, they say, is the softest, but the worst for carpentry, as it warps most easily. Those trees which have only a single[4] continuous line of fissure are said to be 'one-cleft,' though here too the cutting is done from either side of the heart-wood: and such wood has, they say, an open[5] texture, and yet[6] it is not at all apt to warp.
[7]There are also differences in the bark, by observation of which they can tell at once what the
