very general use of the Greek language. Though no identification has been attempted, the town probably occupies the site of some ancient city; it is only 21 miles distant from the ruins of Sardis. Its population is estimated at 15,000, of whom about 10,000 are Turks and the rest Greeks and Armenians. In 1865 a large number of houses were destroyed by lire, and the inhabitants were
decimated by cholera.CASSANA, Niccolò (1659-1714), often called Nicoletto an Italian painter, was born at Venice, and became a disciple of his father, Giovanni Francesco Cassana, a Genoese, who had been taught the art of painting by Ber nardino Strozzi("il Prete Genovese"). Having painted portraits of the Florentine court, and also of some of the English nobility, Nicoletto was invited to England, and introduced to Queen Anne, who sat to him for her likeness, and conferred on him many marks of favour. He died in London in 171 4, having given way to drinking in his later years. Cassana was a man of the most vehement temper, and would wallow on the ground if provoked with his work. One of his principal paintings is the Conspiracy of Catiline, now in Florence.
CASSANDER (c. 354-297 B.C.), king of Macedonia, was probably born about 354 B.C. He first appears in history at the court of Alexander, defending his father Antipater against the accusations of his enemies. Whether it be true or not that he brought himself into disfavour by manifesting his contempt for the Eastern customs with which the king had surrounded himself, it is certain that he conceived a great hatred for Alexander, a hatred so well known that he was accused of having caused the king s death by poison. When his father became regent of Macedonia, Cassander was made chiliarch ; but, when Polysperchou succeeded Antipater, he was not content with this position, but allied himself with Ptolemy Soter and Antigonus, and declared war against the regent. His success was such as to win over most of the Greek States ; and he also effected an alliance with Eurydice, the ambitious wife of King Arrhidaeus. Both she and her husband, however, together with Cassander s brother Nicanor, and a number of others, were soon after slain by Queen Olympias. Cassander at once marched against Olympias, and, having forced her to surrender in Pydna, put her to death. Not long afterwards lie also murdered Roxana and Alexander, the wife and son of Alexander the Great. He had already connected himself with the royal family by marriage with Thessalonica, Alexander s half-sister, and, having formed an alliance with Seleucus, Ptolemy, and Lysimachus, and defeated Antigonus and Demetrius near Ipsus, in 301, Cassander became undisputed sovereign of Macedonia and nominal king of Greece. He died some three years after, in 297 B.C. For the history of his campaigns (which is given in Diodorus, xviii.-xxi.) see Macedonia. Cassander is said to have been a man of cultivated literary taste, and we are told that his delight in Homer was such that he could repeat from memory every line of his poems.
CASSANDER, George (1515-1566), a Flemish theo logian, was born at Cadzand (whence his name), a village in Zeeland. He was for some time professor of classics and theology at Bruges and Ghent ; but most of his life was spent in the endeavour to effect a reunion of the Roman Catholic and Protestant churches. In 1561 he published De Officio Pit Viri in hoc Dissidio Reiigionis, in which he argues that no one has a right, on account of a few abuses, utterly to subvert the church ; but, on the other hand, he expresses his disagreement with those who regard the Pope A3 a deity. His standard is Scripture, explained by the tradition of the fathers, especial deference being paid to those who lived before Gregory I. Four years later, in 1565, he published his famous Consultatio de Articulis Fidei inter Papistas et Protestantes controversy, in which he strives to put a Catholic interpretation into each of the articles of the Confession of Augsburg. Both these books were fiercely attacked by Calvin ; and they were also both condemned by the Council of Trent. Cassander s complete works were published at Paris in 1616.
CASSANDRA, in Grecian story, daughter of Priam and Hecuba, was beloved of Apollo, who promised to bestow on her the spirit of prophecy if she would comply with his desires. Cassandra accepted the proposal ; but no sooner had she obtained the gift than she laughed at the tempter, and refused to fulfil her promise, Apollo revenged himself by ordaining that her predictions should be discredited ; and hence it was in vain that she prophesied the ruin of Troy, On the capture of that city she was ravished by Ajax, the son of O ileus, in the Temple of Minerva. In the distribution of the booty, Cassandra fell to the lot of Agamemnon, who loved her deeply ; but again her fore sight was useless, for he would not believe her prediction that he should perish in his own country. The prophecy was fulfilled, for both were slain through the intrigues of Clytemnestra.
CASSANO, a town and bishop s seat of Italy, in the province of Calabria Citra, seven miles E.S.E. of Castro- villari. It stands in a concave recess of a steep mountain, round an isolated rock, on which are the ruins of a grand feudal castle. It has hot sulphureous baths, of great local reputation, and is surrounded by beautiful scenery. Maca roni, stamped leather, table-linens, and cotton and silk stuffs are manufactured ; and corn, fruits, and oil are raised in the vicinity. Cassano is usually identified with the Castellum Carissanum of Pliny, and Cosa in Agro Thurino of Caesar ; and one of the towers of its castle is still known as Torre di Milo or Milo s Tower, in memory of the death of Cicero s famous client. Population, 9035.
CASSAVA is the name given to the farinaceous root stocks of two species of Euphorbiaceous plants, the Bitter Cassava, Manihot utilissima, and the Sweet Cassava, M. Aipi, both highly important sources of food starches. The plants are natives of South America, but the Bitter Cassava, which is the most important of the two in an economic sense, has been introduced into most tropical regions, and is extensively cultivated in the East Indian Archipelago, from which, as well as from Brazil and other South American states, its starch in the form of tapioca is a staple article of export. The Bitter Cassava root is fusiform, sometimes attaining a length of 3 feet and a weight of about 30 R>, Its sap contains hydrocyanic acid, and being therefore highly poisonous, the root cannot be eaten in a fresh condition ; while on the other hand the Sweet Cassava is perfectly innocuous, and is employed as a table vege table. Exposure to heat dissipates the poisonous principle, and the concentrated juice is in that state used as the basis of Cassareep and other sauces. From the Bitter Cassava roots many different food preparations are made in Brazil. The roots are preserved for use by being simply cleaned, sliced, and dried ; from such dried slices manioc or cassava meal used for cassava cakes, &c., is prepared by rasping. The starch also is separated and used for food under the name of Brazilian arrowroot ; and this, when agglomerated into pellets on hot plates, forms the tapioca of commerce. Cassava starch has a stellate hilum, which readily distin guishes it under the microscope from other starches. Its microscopic appearance is figured under Arrowroot, vol. ii. p. 631, fig. 6.
of Hesse Cassel, in Western Germany, and, since its annexa tion by Prussia in 1866, the capital of the province of Hesse Nassau, is pleasantly situated on both sides of the
River Fulda, over which a stone bridge leads to the lower