NEGRO 319 West Soudan and Guinea. Mandingan Group : Mande, Kabunga, Landoro, Tene, Gbandi, Susu, Mano, Toma, Gbese, Vei (?). Mainly in South Senegambia and Upper Guinea. Woloff Group : Joloff, Kayor, Dakar, Baol, Sine, Walo, Bambara (?). Mainly between the Senegal and Gambia rivers. Felup Group : Felup, Bola, Serere, Filham, Pepel, Diola, Kallum, Biafada, Pajade, Temne, Kissi, Sherbro. Between the Gambia and Sierra Leone. Libcrian Group : Deh, Queah, Gurrah, Km, Kondo, Pessa, Golla, Bassa, Kabo, Yedabo, Grebo, Babo, Webo, Tebo, Nyambo. Grain and Ivory coasts. Ewe Group : Acra (Ga), Fantee, Ashantee, Ffon, Mina, Jeji, Dahoman, Nago, Otyi, Yoruba. Gold and Slave coasts. Ibo Group : Ibo, Nupe, Michi, Oru, Wari, Igara, Juku, Kororofa, Ado, Akoto. Binue and lower Niger. Sonhray : Large, historical nation. Middle Niger, from Tim buktu to Gando. Distinct speech. Fulah : Futa-Jallo, Futa-Toro, Jel, Baa, So, Mabube, Laube, Beri. Senegambia and in scattered groups eastwards to Baghirmi. Distinct speech. Central Soudan and Chad Basin. Adamawa Group : Batta, Dama, Fala, Buma, Marga, Holma, Ba, Bula, Kilba, Buza, Mbafu, Kotafa, Woka, Fani, Doga, Longoda. Upper Binue; thence east to Logon. Tubu Group : Teda, Dasa, Kanembu, Dalatoa, Kanuri, Danawa, Haussa(?), Baele, Bodele, Bulala(?), Kuka(?), Zoghawa. Tibesti, Kanem, Bornii, Borku, and north Dar-Fur. Logon Group : Logon, Mandara, Margi, Makari, Mosgu, Gamergu, So (extinct), Keribina, Yedina (Buduma), Kuri (Kalea), Bede, Ngisem, Kerrikerri, Babir, Fika. Bornu, lower Shari (between Adamawa and Baghirmi), Chad archipelagoes. Baghirmi Group : Baghirmi, Somrai, Tummok, Kuang, Busso, Gaberi, Nyillem, Ndamm, Sara, Dekakire, Sokoro, Bua Kullanga, Bua Kuli, Yussiye, Sarua. Lower and middle Shari, east to Runga and Dar-Banda. Wadai Group : Maba (Kelingen, Kajanga, Malanga, Kuno, Bili, and many other subdivisions), Masalit, Mimi, Marfa, Korunga, Moewo, Abyi, Kondongo, Kabbaga, Mubi, Marta, Bakka, Birkit, Tala. Wadai and east Dar-Fur. East Soudan and Upper Nile. Dar-Banda Group : Runga, Kredy, Ago, Silla, Bandala, Dag"gel, Gulla, Fana, Birrimbirri, Seli, Kutingara. Upper Shari, east to Dar-Fertit. Fur Group : Fur (Forang-bele), Dudunga, Kunjara, Kera, Massabat, Tunjur, Dajo, Berti, Bego, Birguid, Berduna, Jellaba, Sungor, Mararit, Jebal, Guimir, Kabga. Dar-Fur and Kordofau, between Wadai and White Nile. Nilotic Group : Shilluk, Nuer, Dinka, Bongo, Jur, Bari, Mittu, R61, Millow, Agar, Son, Lehssi, Ayell, Ayarr, Monbuttu, Janghey, Fallaugh, Miauk, Bonjak, Jibbe, Kunkung, Nikuar, Madi, Lobore, Shuli, Berta, Amain. White Nile and its tributaries, east to Kaffa and Gallaland, south to Uganda. Zandey (Niam-Niam) : Large, compact nation, about the Welle, and reaching southwards probably to the Lualaba. South Africa Bantu Family. Zulu-Kaffre Grmip : Ama-Zulu, Ama-Khosa, Ama-Fingu, Ma- Tonga, Ama-Zuazi, Ba-Tembu, Matebele, Mazitu, Masai (?). Zulu- land, Natal, Kaffraria, and in scattered fragments from the Limpopo north to the great lakes. Central Group : Be-Chuana, Ba-Suto, Ba-Rolong, Ma-Kololo, Ma-Rotse, Ma-Kalaka (Ma-Nansa), Ma-Laya, Ma-Totola, Ma- Shukulombwe, Ma-Shubia, Ma-Nchoia, Ma-Mbunda, Ba-Libale, Ma-Pingula, Ma-Hes, Ba-Yeiye. Upper Orange river, Transvaal, Lake Ngami, upper and middle Zambesi, and Chobe river. 1 Eastern Group : Wa-Swahili, Wa-Pokomo, Wa-Nika, Wa-Kamba, Wa-Sambara, Wa-Zaramo, Achikunda, Ma-Gololo, A-Nyasa, Wa- Yao, Ma-Chinga, A-Ngulu (Walolo), Ma-Kua, Ma-Tumboka, Wa- Jagga, Wa-Segua. East coast from the equator south to Delagoa Bay, and inland to Lake Nyassa. Equatorial Group : Wa-Ganda, Wa-Nyoro, Wa-Nyamwesi, Wa- Sukuma, Wa-Legga, Wa-Rundi, Wa-Lha, Wa-Fipa, Wa-Bemba, Wa-Bisa, Wa-Rua, Wa-Lunda, Kioko, Wa-Shinsh, Tu-Shinsh, Tu- Shilange, Tu-Ruba, Tu-Kette, Ba-Songe (Ba-Luba), A-Kawanda (Ma-Wanda), Ba-Tetela, Ba-Kuba, Lovale, Wa-Mangala, Ibonga, Ba-Rumbe, Ba-Bwende. Region of the great lakes, upper and middle Lualaba, south to the Lokinga (Mushinga) range. Western Group : Ova-Herero, Ova-Mbo, Ova-Quanyama, 1 The Ma-Kololo, as a distinct people, have been destroyed by the Ma-Rotse ; but their language (a mixed Se-Chuana and Se-Suto dialect) survives as the lingua franca in the Ba-Rotse state, and generally between the Limpopo and Zambesi (Dr Holub and Pere Depelchin). Kibokwe, Bailunda, Kibanda, Kisanji, Nano, Sindohga, Ba-Songo, Ma-Tamba, Ma-Yakka, Ba-Kongo, Kimbunda, Ma-Hungo, Shissilongi, Ma-Yombe, Ba-Teke, Obamba, Odumbo, Aduma, Bakota, Mbamba, Ashongo, Apinji, Okanda, Bangwe, Mpongw4, Ba-Kalai, Isubu, Bimbia, Ba-Kwilleh, Dualla, Abo, Wuri, Qua Qua (Ba-Koko), Lungasi, Edea, Bubi (Fernandian). West coast from Damaraland north to Cameroon mountains ; inland to about 20 E. long. 2 The total population is vaguely estimated at 130,000,000, to which must be added probably about 20,000,000 full-blood and half-caste Negroes settled either as -slaves or the descendants of slaves in various parts of the world, but chiefly in tropical and sub-tropical America. Owing to their peculiar qualities, great muscular development, and power of endurance in hot and moist lands, com bined with a remarkable absence of personal self-respect, the African populations have from the remotest times supplied a chief material to the slave markets of the Old and the New World. For thousands of years an incessant stream of black blood has been directed from the interior to the east coast and thence to Madagascar, Arabia, Persia, and even India, or down the Nile to Egypt and Asia Minor, or across the Sahara to the Barbary States. Since the discovery of America hundreds of thousands have in the same way been shipped from the west coast for the West Indies, New Spain, the British and French plantations, and Brazil. Speaking generally, this black element has not amalgamated with the populations of the eastern hemisphere, and has consequently left few traces of its presence anywhere except in Madagascar, where there may possibly have been an indigenous Negro people before the arrival of the intruding Hovas and other Malay tribes. Nevertheless a strain of Negro blood is apparent, not only amongst the Tuaregs and especially the Tibus of the Sahara, but also in Morocco, South Algeria, Egypt, the low-lying Tehama of the West Arabian sea board, Makran, and even here and there along the coast of Malabar and Ceylon. But no statistics are anywhere here available which might throw some light on the proportion of blacks to the surround ing populations. We read that there may be as many as 100,000 in Morocco, a large number amongst the Berbers of Wargla (South Algeria) and Tripoli, and so on. It is also evident that a decided majority of the inhabitants of Madagascar must be regarded as of Negroid stock, although no Negro language has held its ground either there or anywhere beyond the Negro domain proper. This is the more surprising that in some parts of America, notably the West Indian islands, the coloured has actually replaced the indigenous and largely absorbed the white element. Here we are altogether on firmer ground, and fairly accurate returns enable us to form an approximate estimate of the proportion of full-blood and half-caste Negroes in almost every part of the New World. On the other hand, the nomenclature of these mongrels has become so perplexing, and is often applied so irregularly, that it has led to many misconceptions on this point. Thus the term "Creole," applicable in Mexico only to persons of pure Spanish descent, denotes in Brazil, Peru, and elsewhere the presence of black blood in varying proportions. Of this bewilder ing nomenclature the chief terms are as under : Negro, African, Black : Full-blood Negro, whether born in Africa or of African descent. Mulatto : Issue of black and white parents either way a constant term in America. Mestizo : Any half-breed, whether of white and Negro parents, or (more commonly in Spanish America) of white and Indian parents. Creole : Mostly white of pure descent, but also blacks of pure descent (Brazil), the issue of whites and Mestizoes (Peru), and Mestizoes generally (Alaska). Zambo : Any half-breed, but mostly the issue of Negro and Indian parents ; in the United States, Peru, and West Indies of Negro and Mulatto ; in St Vincent the half-caste Caribs. Zambo Preto : Issue of Negro father and Zamba mother (Mexico and elsewhere). Cholo : Issue of Zamboes (South America). Pardo: Synonymous with Mulatto (Brazil); any Mestizo (Argen tine States). Mamaluco : Any Mestizo, but especially the issue of whites and Indians (Brazil). Chino : Negro and Indian half-caste (Mexico, and generally in Spanish America). Casco : Direct issue of Mulattoes on both sides (South America). Tente en el Ayre : Mongrels in whom the white element predomi nates (South America). Cafuso: Issue of Negro and Indian, dark shade and woolly hair predominating (Brazil). Caburet : Issue of Negress and Indian (Brazil). Cariboco, Tapanhuna, Xibaro: Local Brazilian terms of Tupi origin applied to various crosses between the Negroes and Indians. 2 Intruders in the northern section of this group are the non-Xegro Fans, the Oshyeba of the other natives. There are two main divisions, Mak^-Fan on the left, Mbele"-Fan on the right bank of the Ogoway.
