M O N M O N 751 same endings in singular and plural. Gender is not indicated. The adjective is uninfiected both as attribute and as predicate ; there is no comparative form, this idea being expressed by the con struction or by the use of certain particles. The personal pronouns are bi, I ; tchi, thou ; bidn, we ; to, ye ; their genitives serve as pos- sessives. The demonstratives are ene, tcre (this, that), plural cde, tcdc ; interrogative ken, who? The relative is lacking, and its place is supplied by circumlocutions. The numerals are : 1, ni/jen ; 2, khoyar ; 3, g urban ; 4, dijrbcn ; 5, tabun ; 6, jirgugan ; 7, dologan ; 8, naiman ; 9, yisun ; 10, arban ; 100, dsagon ; 1000, minggan. The ordinals are formed by appending tugar, tiiger. The theme of the verb is seen in the imperative, as bari, grasp. The conjugation is rich in forms for tense and mood, but person and number are with few exceptions unexpressed. The present is formed from the theme by adding mui (barimiii), the preterite by bai or luga (baribai, bari- luga), the future by ssugai or ssn (barissugai, barissu). The preterite has also in the third person the terminations dsiujui and run ; the future has in the third person iju, and in the first ya. The con ditional ends in bass it (baribassu), the precative in tugai, tiigei, the potential in sa (barimuisa), the imperative plural in ktun, the gerund in the present in n, dsu (bar in, baridsu] or tala, "while, till " (baritala, "inter capiendum"), in the preterite it is formed in gad (barigad) ; the present part, has ktchi (bariktchi), the past part. kssan (barikssan) ; the supine ends in ra, the infinitive in khu (barikhu, or when used substantively barikhui). There is but one perfectly regular conjugation, and derivative forms, derived from the theme by infixes, are conjugated on the same scheme. Thus the passive has infixed ta or kda (barikdaJchu, to be grasped), the causative gul (barigulkhu, to cause to grasp), the co-operative or sociative lisa or Ida (bariltsakhu, to grasp together). There are no prepositions, only post-positions. Adverbs are either simple particles (affirmative, negative, interrogative, modal, &c.), or are formed by suffixes from other parts of speech. There are very few conjunctions ; the relations of clauses and sentences are mainly indicated by the verbal forms (part., sup., conditional, but mainly by the gerund). The order of words and sentences in construction is pretty much the opposite of that which we follow. In a simple sentence the indication of time and place, whether given by an adverb or a sub stantive with a post-position, always conies first ; then comes the subject, always preceded by its adjective or genitive, then the object and other cases depending on the verb, last of all the verb itself preceded by any adverbs that belong to it. So in the structure of a period all causal, hypothetical, concessive clauses, which can be conceived as preceding the main predication in point of time, or even as contemporary with it, or as in any way modifying it, must come first ; the finite verb appears only at the end of the main predication or apodosis. The periods are longer than in other languages ; a single one may fill several pages. Grammars and dictionaries may be divided according to the three dialects. For East Mongolian, I. J. Schmidt gave the first grammar (Petersb., 1831), and a Mongolian-German-Russian dictionary (Petersb., 1835). Next Jos. Kowalewski published in Russian a Mongolian grammar (Kasan, 1835), a chrestomathy (2 vols., Kasan, 1836, 1837), and his great Dictionnaire mongol-russe-frangais(3 vols., Kasan, 1844, 1846, 1849). We name also R. Yuille, Short Mongolian Grammar (in Mongolian), xylographed at the mission press near Sselenginsk beyond Lake Baikal (1838). A. Bobrownikow s Russian Grammar of the Mongolian-Kalmiik Language (Kasan, 1849) is also very good. An abridgment of Schmidt s work is C. Puini, Elementi della grammatica mongolica (Florence, 1878). A. Popow s Mongolian Chrestomathy appeared in 2 vols. at Kasan (1836). For the Kalmnk we have grammars by Popow (Kasan, 1847), Bobrownikow as above, and H. A. Zwick (s. I. et a.), autographed at Donaueschingen (1851). Z wick s autographed Kalmuk and German dictionary with a printed German index appeared (s. I. et a.) in 1852 ; B. Jiilg s edition of the tales of Siddhi-kur (Leips., 186ti) gives a complete glossary to these stories. There are small Russian and Kalmnk vocabularies by P. Smirnow (Kasan, 1857) and C. Golstunskyi (Petersb., 1860). For the Buriatic we have Castren, VerswK enter Burjatischen Sprachlehrr, edited by bchiefner (1857), and A. Orlow s Russian grammar of the Mongol-Buri- atic colloquial language (Kasan, 1878). fairly compared to that between the Modern High German book-language ami the different dialects. All grammars and dictionaries as yet published treat only of the book-language ; and so also, with a few exceptions, the published literary documents are written in this higher style. The exceptions are the Gesser-Khan, and the Siddhi-kfir and Djangariad (the last two published by Golstunskyi). The popular or conversational language has only quite lately been fixed in writing by A. Pozdnyeyew in his Russian work, Specimens of the Vojmlur Literature of the Mongolian Tribes, part i., " Popular Songs" (Petersb. 1880) which contains rich material for the study of the popular literature. The literature known at present consists mostly of translations from the Indian works the originals of which are not known in Sanskrit. Such is the case, for instance, with the tales of Siddhi-kur. Many books have also been translated from the Chinese. Most of the writings are of a religious, historical, philosophical, medical, astronomical, or astrological character. Favourite sub jects are folk-lore and fairy tales. Among the religious books, perhaps the most important is that containing the legends entitled iiliger -tin dalai, "ocean of comparisons " (edited by the late I. Jacob Schmidt under the title, Der ll eise of poetical literature before Pozdnyeyew is scarcely worth mentioning. In some parts of the historical and narrative literature we find, wherever the nar rative takes a higher flight, an admixture of poetical diction. The poetry appears in a certain parallelism of the phrases, with a return either of the- same endings (rhyme) or of the same words (refrain). Frequently we find, besides the rhyme or refrain, alliteration. The essay of H. C. von der Gabelentz in Z. f. d. Kunde des Morgenlandes, vol. i. pp. 20-37, "Einiges iiber Mongolische Poesie," has been superseded by the work of Pozdnyeyew. Among historical works a high place is due to that composed by the tribal prince, Ssanang Ssetsen, in the middle of the 17th century (Gcschichte der Ost- Mongolen und ihres Furstenhauses, Mong. and Germ., by I. J. Schmidt, Petersb., 1829), and to the Allan tobtchi, i.e., "Golden knob" or "precious contents" (text and Russian translation by the Lama Galsang Gomboyew, Petersb., 1858). Of folk-lore and fairy tales, we have the legend of the hero Gesser- Khan (text ed. by I. J. Schmidt, Petersb., 1836, and German version, 1839 ; coinp. Schott, Ueber die Sage v. Geser-Khan, Berl., 1851, and B. Jiilg in the Transactions of the WiirzburgerPhilol.Versam. of!868, pp. bSsqq., Leips., 186 . ); and the tales about Ardshi Bordshi (Russian version by Galsang Gomboyew, Petersb., 1858 ; text and German trans, by B. Jiilg, Innsbr., 1867, 1868). A favourite book is the tales of Siddhi-kfir based on the Sanskrit Vettila panchaviw;ati (Russian trans, by Galsang Gomboyew, Petersb., 1865 ; nine of the tales in Mongolian and German by B. Jiilg, Innsbr., 1S68). The fuller collection of these tales in Kalmuk first became known by the German trans, of B. Bergmann in vol. i. of his Nomadische Streifereien itnter d. Kalmuken (4 vols., Riga, 1804, 1805) ; an autographed edition in the vulgar dialect was published by C. Golstunskyi (Petersb., 1864 ; text and German trans, with glossary by B. Jiilg, Leips., 1806). A poetic heroic story is the Djangariad, extracts from which were given by Bergmann (op. cit., iv. 181 sqq.); a complete Russian version by A. Bobrownikow (Petersb., 1854); a German version by F. v. Erdmann inZ.D.M.G., 1857(Kalmuk text by Golstunskyi, Petersb., 1864). A similar poem is the history of Ubashi Khuntaidshi and his war with the Oirad, Kalmuk text and Russian trans, by G. Gomboyew in his Allan tobtchi as above, and text alone autographed by Golstunskyi (Petersb., 1864). Some books of religion for the Christian Buriats (transcribed in Russian characters) represent the Buriatic dialect. The Russian and English Bible Societies have given us a translation of the whole Bible. I. J. Schmidt translated the Gospels and the Acts into Mongolian and Kalmuk for the Russian Bible Society (8 vols., Petersb., 1819-1821), a masterly work. The English missionaries, E. Stallybrass and W. Swan, and afterwards R. Yuille, translated the whole Old Testament into Mongolian (1836-1840). This work was printed at a mission press erected at great cost for the purpose near Sselenginsk, beyond Lake Baikal in Siberia. In 1846 the New Testament by the same hands, appeared at London. The richest collections of Mongolian and Kalmuk printed books and MSS. are in the Asiatic museum of the Petersburg Academy, and in the libraries of Kasan and Irkutsk ; there is also a good collection in the royal library at Dres den. Consult in general, besides the already-cited works of Bergmann and Po zdnyeyew, P. S. Pallas, Sammlun/jen historischer Nachrichten ii. d. Mongolischen Volkerschaften (2 vols., Petersb., 1776-1801); I. J. Schmidt, Forschvngen im Gebiete deralteren . . . Bildungsgeschichte der Vblker Mittelasiens, vorz. d. Mongolen und Tibeter (Petersb. and Leips., 1824) ; B. Julg, " On the Present State of Mongolian Researches," Journ. E. As. Soc., xiv. (1882), pp. 42-65. (B. J.) MONGOOS, or MUNGOOS. See ICHNEUMON. MONITION, in the practice of the English ecclesiastical courts, is an order requiring or admonishing the person complained of to do something specified in the monition, " under pain of the law and penalty thereof." It is the lightest form of ecclesiastical censure, but disobedience to it, after it has been duly and regularly served, entails the penalties of contempt of court. See Phillimore, Ecclesi astical Law (London, 1873). MONK, GEORGE (1608-1669), English general, was the second son of Sir Thomas Monk, a gentleman of good family but in embarrassed circumstances, and was born at Potheridge, near Torrington in Devonshire, on 6th De cember 1608. An exploit which brought him within the reach of the law compelled him to begin his career as a soldier of fortune at the age of seventeen. He acted under Sir R. Grenville as a volunteer in the expedition to Cadiz, and the next year did notable service at the Isle of Rhe". In 1629 Monk went to the Low Countries, the training ground for military men, where in Oxford s and in Goring s regiments he obtained a high reputation for courage and for a thorough knowledge of his trade. In 1638 he threw up his commission in consequence of a quarrel with the Dutch civil authorities, came to England, and obtained the lieutenant-colonelcy of Newport s regiment during the operations on the Scottish border. Here he showed his skill and coolness in the dispositions by which he saved the English artillery at Newborn, though himself destitute of ammunition ; and in the councils of war he confidently voted with Straffbrd for fighting, and against retreat or composition. One of Monk s biographers relates that he now thought of joining the adventurers who proposed to
colonize Madagascar. The Irish rebellion, however, offered