542 M D M O F (1452 to 1859), ultimately extended from the Po to the Mediterranean, and was bounded N. by Lombardy and the Papal States, E. by the Papal States and Tuscany, S. by Tuscany, Sardinia, and the Mediterranean, and W. by Sardinia and the duchy of Parma. Its greatest length, from Porto -Yecchio, on its northern frontier towards Man tua, to the outlet of the Parmignola torrent, on the Sardinian frontier, was 84 J miles ; and its greatest width, from the pass of Calama, on the Papal and Tuscan frontier, to the right bank of the Enza, on the frontier of Parma, was 37 miles. The area was 2371 square miles, of which three- fifths were mountainous. In 1855 the population was GOG, 159. The duchy had six provinces Modena, Reggio, Guastalla, Frignano, Garfagnana, Massa-Carrara. Modena is the ancient Mutina, which was annexed by the Romans along with the rest of the territory of the Boii. In 183 B.C. Mutina became the seat of a Roman colony. During the civil wars Marcus Brutus held out within its walls against Pompeius in 78 B.C., and in 44 B.C. the place was defended by D. Brutus against M. Antony. The 4th century found Mutina in a state of decay ; the ravages of Attila and the troubles of the Lombard period left it a ruined city in a wasted land. In the 8th century its exiles founded, at a dis tance of 4 miles to the north-west, a new city, Citta Geminiana (still represented by the village of Cittanova) ; but about the close of the 9th century Modena was restored and refortified by its bishop, Laedoinus. When it began to build its cathedral (1099 A.D.) the city was part of the possessions of the countess Matilda of Tuscany ; but when, in 1184, the edifice was consecrated by Lucius III., it was a free community. In the wars between Frederick II. and Gregory IX. it sided with the emperor, though ultimately the papal party was strong enough to introduce confusion into its policy. In 1288 Obizzo d Este was recognized as lord of the city ; after the death of his successor, Azzo VIII. (1308), it resumed its communal independence ; but by 1336 the Este family was again in power. Constituted a duchy in 1452 in favour of Borso d Este, and enlarged and strengthened by Hercules II., it became the ducal residence on the incorporation of Ferrara with the States of the Church (1598). Francis I. (1629-1658) erected the citadel and commenced the palace, which was largely embellished by Francis II. Rinaldo (ol. 1737) was twice driven from his city by French invasion. To Francis III. (1698-1780) the city was indebted for many of its public buildings. Hercules III. (1727-1803) saw his states transformed by the French into the Cispadine Republic, and, having refused the principality of Breisgau and Ortenau, offered him in compensation by the treaty of Campo Fonnio, died an exile at Treviso. His only daughter, Maria Beatrice, married Ferdinand of Austria (son of Maria Theresa), and in 1814 their eldest son, Ferdinand, received back the Stati Estcnsi. His rule was subservient to Austria, reactionary, and despotic. On the outbreak of the French Revolution of 1830, Francis IV. seemed for a time disposed to encourage the corresponding movement in Modena; but no sooner had the Austrian army put an end to the insurrection in Central Italy than he returned to his previous policy. Francis Ferdinand V., who succeeded in 1846, followed in the main his father s example. Obliged to leave the city in 1848, he was restored by the Austrians in 1849 ; ten years later, on 20th August 1859, the representatives of the Modenese, under the direction of Carlo Farini, declared their territory part of the kingdom of Italy, and their decision was confirmed by the plebiscite of 1860. Natives of Modena are Fallopius the anatomist, Tarquinia Molza, Sadoletius, Sigonius, Tassoni, and Cavedoni the archa;ologist ; the names of Zaccaria, Tiraboschi, and Muratori are associated with its library. Tiraboschi s Bibliotkcca Modcncnsis, 6 vols., contains an account of all the literary personages of the duchy. See Vedriani, Storia di Modena, ICOO ; Tiraboschi, Mem storiche modenesi, 1793; ScharfenlHirg, Gesch. des Herznyth. Modfna, 1S.">9 ; Oreste Raggi, Modena ilescritta, 1800 ; Baraldi, Storia di Modena; Valdrighi, Die. Storico, &c., ddle crmtrade di Modena, 1879-80 ; Crespellani, Gu ida di Modena, 1879 ; Galvani, Mem. star, intorno la vita di Francesco IV., 4 vols. MODICA, a city of Italy, in the province of Syracuse in Sicily, 8 miles from the south coast, on the line of rail way decreed in 1879 betAveen Syracuse and Licata. It has increased its communal population from 30,547 in 1861 to 41,231 in 1881, and is a well-built and flourishing place. Of note among the public buildings are the old castle on the rock, the mediaeval convent of the Franciscans, and the churches of S. Maria del Carmine (1150) and S. Maria di Betlem this last containing ruins of the ancient temple destroyed by the earthquake of 1693. Modica is the point from which the remarkable prehistoric tomb and dwelling- caves of Yal d lspica are usually visited. An early de pendency of Syracuse, Motyca or Mutyca was in Cicero s days a fairly important municipium. In modern times it was held as a countship by the dukes of Alba. Placido Caraffa has written a prolix history of the city, which may be found in Grsevius, Thes. Ant. et Hist. ItaL, vol. xii. MOE, JOKGEN ENGEBRETSEN (1813-1882), Norwegian poet and comparative mythologist, was born at Hole in Sigdal, Eingerike, Norway, on 22d April 1813, and entered the university of Christiania as a theological student at the age of seventeen. After leaving the university in 1839 he acted as* tutor in various schools and families, and in 1845 was appointed professor of theology in the Military School of Norway, which post he held until 1853, when he became resident chaplain in his native parish of Sigdal. In 1863 he received the living of Bragernaes, Drammen ; in 1870 that of Vest Aker, near Christiania ; and in 1875 the bishopric of Christiansand, where he died on 27th March 1882. Moe s first publication was a volume of Norse "songs, ballads. and staves," which appeared in 1840 ; it was followed in 1841 by the Norske Folkc-eventyr (Norwegian Popular Tales), which he had collected along with his schoolfellow Asbjornsen. The work excited such interest as a contribution to the study of comparative mythology that in 1847 he was sent by the Government through Thelemark and Saetersdal to increase his collection of stories. The second (enlarged) edition, with a preface by Moe, appeared in 1852. In 1851 his / Bronden og i Tjcrnct (In the Well and in the Tarn), a delightful collection of prose stories for children, appeared, and it was followed in 1859 by a volume of poems entitled En liden Julcga re, (A Little Christmas Present). In 1877 he prepared a collected edition of his works in two volumes, the stories he had published along with Asbjornsen being excluded. Many of the Folke-eventyr (Popular Tales from the Norse) were translated by Sir George Dasent in 1859. MCESIA (in Greek Mysia, or, to distinguish it from the country of the same name in Asia, Mysia in Europe), in ancient geography the territory immediately to the south of the Danube corresponding in the main to Servia and Bul garia. It became a Roman province between 27 B.C. and G A.D., probably about 16 B.C. 1 In the time of Tiberius and Caius the province was under the same governor with Macedonia and Achaia. It was divided by Domitian into two provinces, Moesia Superior (Servia) and Moesia Inferior (Bulgaria) ; and the same emperor completed the great military road along the line of the Danube, increased the strength of the Roman forces in the country, and, by the conquest of Dacia, saved it from the inroads by which it had been harassed from the time of Tiberius. The Goths invaded Moesia in 250 A.D., and at last, in 395, a number of them, afterwards known as Mcesogoths, obtained per mission to settle in the province. The Slavonians and Bulgarians appear in the 7th century. The boundary between Upper and Lower Moesia was not marked, as Ptolemy (Hi. 9, 10) states, by the river Cebrus or Ciabrus (Cibritza or Zibru), but, as may be inferred from an inscription (6125, C. Inscr. LaL, vol. iii. 2, additamcnta), lay between Almus (Lorn) and Ratiaria (Artcher). Upper Moesia, or, as it was often called, Moesia Prima, contained Singidnnum (Belgrade), headquarters of Legio IV. Flavia, and in the 3d century a colonia ; Viminncium (Kostolatz), headquarters of Leg. VII. Claud., and designated some times municipium Jilinm, but more usually colonia (a rank bestowed on it by Gordianus) ; Bononia (Widin) ; Ratiaria, which, on the loss of Dacia, became the headquarters of Leg. XIII. gemina, and remained a large town till it wns destroyed by Attila ; Remesiana (Mustapha Pasha Palanka), which has furnished inscriptions belong ing to the unidentified Ulpiana ; and Naissus (Nissa or Nish), the birthplace of Constantine the Great. Lower Moesia (Moesia Secunda) contained Oescus (Colonia Ulpia, mod. Gigen), headquarters, after loss of Dacia, of Leg. V. Maced. ; Nova? (Sistova^, at a late date a camp of Leg. I. ItaL, and afterwards chief seat of Theodoric king of the Goths ; Nicopoli.s ad Istrum (Xikup), really on the latrus or Yantra, a memorial of Trajan s victory over the Dacians ; Pristra (Rustchuk), Asamus (Nicopoli on the Osma), Darostorum (Silistria), Odessus (Varna), Tomi (Kustendje), Troesmis (Iglitza). See Roesler, liomanitclie Stndieii, 1871; Pfitznor, Gesch. der Horn. Kaiser- Icijionen, 1881, pp. l. r >2-101 ; Halm, in Dkschr. K. Ak. der Wiss., PI.. II. Cl., Vienna, 1801, p. 29.8. MOFFAT, a health resort of some note in Scotland, ia situated in Upper Annandale, Dumfriesshire, occupying an
1 See A. W. Zunipt, Commentat. Epigraph., ii. 253 sqq.