L U C L U C 39 Countenance (Volto Santo), as it is generally called, because the face of the Saviour is considered a true likeness, is only shown thrice a year. The beautiful tomb of Maria Guinigi is described by Ruskin, Modern Painters, ii. The church of Saint Michael, founded in the 8th century, and built of marble within and without, has a lofty and magnificent western fa9ads (1188) an architectural screen rising much above the roof of the church. St Frediano or Frigidian dates originally from the 7th century ; the front (of the 13th century) occupies the site of the ancient apse ; in one of its chapels is the tomb of Santa Zita, patroness of servants and of Lucca itself. San Giovanni (originally of the 12th century), San Romano (rebuilt in the 17th century, by Vincenzo Buonamici), and Santa Maria Forisportam (of the 13th century) also deserve to be mentioned. Among the secular buildings are the old ducal palace, begun in 1578 by Ammanati, and now the residence of the prefect and seat of the provincial officers and the public picture gallery; the Palazzo Pretorio, or former residence of the poiesta, now the seat of the civil and correctional courts ; the palace, erected in the 15th century by a member of the great Guinigi family, and now serving as a poor- house ; and the 16th century palace of the Marquis Guidiccioni, now used as a depository for the archives. The principal market-place in the city (Piazza del Mercato) has taken possession of the arena of the ancient amphi theatre, the arches of which can still be seen in the surrounding buildings. Besides the academy of sciences just mentioned, which dates from 1584, there are several institutions of the same kind a royal philomathic aca demy, a royal academy of arts, and a public library of 50,000 volumes. The silk manufacture, which was introduced at Lucca about the close of the llth century, and in the early part of the 16th became for a time the means of subsistence for 30,000 of its inhabitants, now gives employment (in reeling and throwing) to only about 1500. The bulk of the population is engaged in agricul ture. Tn 1871 the city had 21,286 inhabitants. The com mune has increased from 61,175 in 1834 to 68,063 in 1881. Lucca (Latin, Luca) is probably a place of Ligurian origin. First mentioned as the place to which Sempronius retired (218 B.C.) before the victorious Hannibal, it passes out of sight again till 177, when it became the seat of a Roman colony. In the time of Julius Caesar it is frequently heard of as a town in his province of Cisalpine Gaul and Liguria, to which he repaired for consultation with his political associates. By Augustus it was transferred to Etruria. Though plundered and deprived of part of its territory by Odoacer, Lucca appears as an important city and fortress at the time of N arses, and under the Lombards it was the residence of a duke or marquis and had the privilege of a mint. The dukes gradually extended their power over all Tuscany, but after the death of the famous Matilda the city began to constitute itself an independent community, and in 1160 it obtained from Welf VI., duke of Bavaria and marquis of Tuscany, the lordship of all the country for 5 miles round. Internal discord afforded an opportunity to Uguccione della Faggiola to make himself master of Lucca in 1314 ; but the Lucchese expelled him two years afterwards, and handed over their city to Castru<5cio, under whose masterly tyranny it became "for a moment the leading state of Italy." Occupied by the troops of Louis of Bavaria, sold to a rich Genovese Gherardo Spinola, seized by John, king of Bohemia, pawned to the Rossi of Parma, sold to the Florentines, surrendered to the Pisans, nominally liberated by the emperor Charles IV., and governed by his vicar, Lucca was sub jected to endless vicissitudes, but managed, at first as a democracy, and after 1628 as an oligarchy, to maintain " its independence along side of Venice and Genoa, and painted the word Libertas on its banner till the French Revolution." In the beginning of the 16th century one of its leading citizens, Francesco Burlamacchi, made a noble attempt to give political cohesion to Italy, but perished on the scaffold (1548) ; his statue by Ulisse Cambi was erected on the Piazza San Michele in 1863. As a principality formed in 1805 by Napoleon in favour of his sister Elisa and her husband Baciocchi, Lucca was for a few years wonderfully prosperous. It was occupied by the Neapolitans in 1814 ; from 1816 to 1847 it was governed as a duchy by Maria Luisa, queen of Etruria, and her son Charles Lonis ; and it afterwards formed one of the divisions of Tuscany. The bishops of Lucca, who can be traced back to 347, gradually acquired a variety of exceptional marks of distinction, such as the pallium in 1120, and the archiepiscopal cross from Alexander II. ; and at length in 1726 Benedict XIII. raised their see to the rank of an archbishopric, without suffragans. See Memorieper serci, e alia storia del ducato <li Lucca, published by the Lucca Academy; Mazzarosa, !-to>ia di Lucca, Lucca, 1833; Keputti, Dizivnario tldla Tuscana, Florence, 1835 ; Freeman, Hist, and Arch. Sketches, London, 1876. LUCCA, BATHS OF (BAGNI DI LUCCA, formerly BAGNO A CORSENA), a commune of Italy in the province of Lucca, containing a number of famous watering-places. They are situated in the valley of the Lima, a tributary of the Serchio ; and the district is known in the early history of Lucca as the Vicaria di Val di Lima. Ponte Serraglio (16 miles to the north of Lucca) is the principal village ; but there are warm springs and baths also at Villa, Docce Bassi, Bagno Caldo, &c. Bagno a Corsena is mentioned in 1284 by Guidone da Corvaia, a Pisan historian (Muratori, vol. xxii.); and by the 16th century the waters had attained great celebrity. Fallopius, who gave them credit for the cure of his own deafness, sounded their praises in 1569; and they have been more or less in fashion since. The temperature of the water varies from 96 to 133 Fahr.; in all cases it gives off carbonic acid gas, and contains lime, magnesium, and sodium products. In the village of Bagno Caldo there is a considerable hospital, constructed largely at the expense of Nicholas Demidoff in 1826. The population of the commune was 11,000 in 1881. LUCENA, a town of Spain, in the province of Cordova, 37 miles south-south-east from that city, and 11 miles by road south-east from the Aguilar station of the Cordova- Malaga Railway. It is pleasantly situated on the Cascajar, a minor tributary of the Genii, in a district that produces oil, wine, and cereals in great abundance, and affords excellent pasture. The parish church, which is large but not otherwise remarkable, dates from the beginning of the 16th century. The chief industries are the manufacture of hardware and pottery, bronze lamps being a specialty of Lucena, and also the large earthenware jars (tinajas] used throughout Spain for the storage of oil and wine. There is considerable trade in the produce of the neighbourhood, and the horse mart is famous throughout Andalusia. The population in 1877 was 19,540. Lucena was taken from the Moors early in the 14th century ; it was in the attempt to recapture it that King Abu Abdallah (Boabdil) of Granada was taken prisoner in 1483. LUCERA, a city of Italy, in the province of Foggia, on a hill in the midst of the Apulian plain, lies 10 miles west- north-west of Foggia. Although a busy and flourishing place, with 14,014 inhabitants in 1871, Lucera is mainly of historical interest. The cathedral, erected on the ruins of the magnificent mosque, is a fine Romanesque building with Gothic features ; and the castle, whose imposing ruins still crown the hill to the north of the town, was formerly the grandest of all the strongholds possessed by the Hohen- staufen emperors to the south of the Alps. By a Greek tradition the foundation of Luceria was assigned to Diomede, and the statue in its temple of Minerva passed as the authentic Palladium ; but the place would seem to be really of Oscan rather than Daunian origin. The Romans were marching to the relief of Luceria when they suffered the defeat at the Caudine Forks; they effected its capture in 320 B.C.; and when they re covered it in 314 they slew a great part of the inhabitants, and introduced a powerful body of colonists. During the Second Punic War the city was the headquarters of the Apulian cam paigns. It continued to exist as a place of some mark down through the empire, and is mentioned by Pliny as a colony. Destroyed (663 A.D. ) by the emperor Constans, who had recovered it from the Lombards, it was shortly after restored, and in 1227 it was raised to more than its former prosperity by Frederick II., who settled there a great body of his Saracen followers from Sicily, and thus increased its population to about 77,000. The Mohammedan colony, however, was brought to ruin by the hostility of Charles I. and II. of Anjou. Previous to 1806 Lucera was the administrative centre of the two provinces Basilicata and Molise. See W. Lang,
in Im Neuen Reich, Dec. 1877.