640 L I L L I L rugged territory with much industry, and opposing a stubborn resistance to the efforts of the Romans to reduce them to subjection. They first came in contact with the Roman arms in 235 B.C., but it was not till after the Second Punic War in which the Ligurians had openly espoused the cause of Hannibal that a serious struggle began, which, commencing in 200 B.C., was continued with little intermission for more than eighty years. While the Roman generals in the East were overthrowing, with com parative ease, the powerful monarchies of Macedonia and Syria, one of the consuls was generally engaged in inglori ous hostilities with the hardy mountaineers of the Ligurian Apennines. Even after these were reduced to subjection, the tribes which held the still more rugged fastnesses of the Maritime Alps long maintained their independence, and it was not till the reign of Augustus that they were finally subdued. The construction by that monarch of a Roman highway along the coast, which followed almost exactly the same line as the modern road of the Corniche, marked the period of their complete subjection. The physical geography of Liguria has been already described in the article of ITALY. All the rivers which take their rise on the northern slope of the mountains ultimately discharge their waters into the Po ; of these by much the most considerable is the Tanaro, which receives the tributary streams of the Stura and the Bormida, while to the east of it flow the Scrivia and the Trebia, celebrated by the victory of Hannibal over the Romans. This last stream, according to the division of Augustus, formed the boundary between Liguria and Gaul south of the Po. The streams which flow from the Apennines southward to the sea are for the most part inconsiderable, and mere moun tain torrents. But the Magra, which forms the limits of the province on the east, is an important stream, and brings with it the waters of its tributary, the Boactes or Vara. On the west also the Var is a river of considerable magni tude, which forms a natural boundary on this side between Liguria and Gaul, as it long constituted their political limit. The Rutuba or Roya, a little farther east, is also a considerable river, descending through a deep mountain valley from the Col di Tenda. The principal Ligurian tribes were (1) the Apuani, inhabiting the valley of the Magra, including the district known in modern times as the Lunigiana ; (2) the Friniates, on the northern slope of the Apennines towards Modena ; (3) the Briniates, in the valley of the Vara ; (4) the Genuates, around Genoa; (5) the Veturii, immediately west of the preceding ; (6) the Ingauni, whose capital was Albium Ingaunum, still called Albenga ; (7) the Intemelii, whose chief city still retains the name of Vintimiglia ; and (8) the Vediantii, extending thence to the Var. North of the Apennines the most important tribes were the Vagienni, who held the whole mountain tract from the Monte Viso and the sources of the Po to the Tanaro ; and the Statielli, east of them, whose chief town was Aqua3 Statiella? or Acqui. The chief city on the Ligurian sea-coast was, in ancient as in modern times, that of Genoa, which combined an excellent natural port with a central position, and easy communications with the interior. West of it, along the coast, were Vada Sabbata (Vado, near Savona), Albium Ingaunum (Albenga), Albium Intemelium (Vintimiglia), the Portus Herculis Monoeci (Monaco), and Nicasa (Nice), which was founded by a colony from Massilia. In its immediate vicinity was the Roman town of Cemenelium (Cimiez). On the northern slope of the Apennines were several considerable towns, almost all of them of Roman origin. The chief of these were Augusta Vagiennorum (Bene), Alba Pompeia, Asta, Aquae Statiellce, Dertona (Tortona), and Iria (Voghera), but none of them attained to anything like the same prosperity and importance as the great cities of Cisalpine Gaul. The towns on the eastern Riviera, between Genoa and the Gulf of Spezia, were incon siderable places ; and even on the shores of that gulf, forming the magnificent port called the Portus Luna?, there was never any town of importance, Luna itself being some distance inland, and within the confines of Etruria. (E. H. B.) LILAC, Syringa vulgaris, L., belongs to the olive family, Oleacex. The common lilac is said to have come from Persia in the 16th century, but according to Heuffel it is indigenous in Hungary, the borders of Moldavia, &c. (De Candolle, Prod., viii. p. 282). Two kinds of Syringa, viz., alba and cszrulea, are figured and described in Gerard s Ilerball (1597), which he calls the white- and the blue pipe privets. The former is the common privet, Ligustrum vulgare, L., which, and the ash tree, Fraxinus excelsior, L., are the only members of the family native in Great Britain. The latter is the lilac, as both figure and descrip tion agree accurately with it. It was carried by the European colonists to North-East America, and is still grown in gardens of the Northern and Middle States. There are several varieties of lilac, e.g., " Dr Lindley," which bears large clusters of reddish lilac flowers, alba, violacea, rubra insignia, and rosea grandiflora, S. dubia, Pers., or chinensis, Willd., the Siberian lilac, is a closely allied species, if it be really distinct. The variety Rothomogensis, Mirb., or Lilas Varin of the French, probably belongs to this species. Of other species, there- is S. Josikxa, Jack., from Transylvania, with scentless bluish-purple flowers, S. Emodi, Wall., a native of the mountains of India, and S. persica, L., the Persian lilac, rarely exceeding 4 or 5 feet, the flowers of which vary from rosy carmine to white. LILBURNE, JOHN (1618-1657), an English sectary and prolific pamphleteer, was the younger son of a gentleman of good family in the county of Durham, and was born in 1618. At the age of twelve he was apprenticed to a clothier in London, but he appears to have paid only slight attention to business, and to have early addicted himself to the " contention, novelties, opposition of govern ment, and violent and bitter expressions" for which he afterwards became so conspicuous as to provoke the saying of Marten that, "if the world was emptied of all but John Lilburn, Lilburn would quarrel with John, and John with Lilburn." He appears at one time to have been law-clerk to Prynne. In February 1638, for the part he had taken in importing and circulating the Merry Litany and other publications of Bastwick and Prynne, offensive to the bishops, he was sentenced to be publicly whipped from the Fleet prison to Palace Yard, Westminster, there to stand for two hours in the pillory, and afterwards to be kept in jail until a fine of 500 had been paid. Though gagged at the pillory, and confined in prison, he was not the man to give up his opinions or forego the pleasure of expressing them, and in the following year he did not improve his prospects of a speedy release by the kind of literary activity to which he devoted his enforced leisure. 1 In point of fact he did not regain his liberty until November 7, 1640, when one of the earliest recorded speeches of Oliver 1 Come out of Her, My People: or An Answer to the Questions cf a Gentlewoman, a professor in the Anti- Christian Church of England, about Hearing the public Ministers; where it is largely discussed, and proved to be unlawful. Also a Just Apology for the way of ToM Separation, commonly but falsely called " Broivnism ", that it is the truth of God though lightly esteemed in the eyes of the world. With a challenge to dispute them publicly before King and Council, to prove whatsoever I have said at the pillory against them : viz., that the call ing of them is jure Diaboli, even from the Devil himself. By me John Lilburne, close prisoner in the Fleet for the cause of Christ. Printed in the year of hope of England s Purgation and the Prelates 1 Dissolu- t on, 1639.
