woollen and linen goods, glass, porcelain, and a variety of other articles are made, and are exported largely into France. Hainault, with a population of 956,354 inhabitants in 1876 (the largest in this respect of all the provinces), has an area of near 1400 square miles, and is therefore somewhat thickly peopled ; for administrative purposes it is divided into six arrondissements, of which that of Mons is the chief; the others are Tournai, Charleroi, Ath, Soignies, and Thuin ; these again are subdivided into thirty-two
cantons.
Formerly the county was nearly twice as large as the present pro vince. In Coesar s days it was inhabited by the Nervii, and did not get its present name till the 7th century, before which time it had become a county under its own lords. This dignity, at first more or less elective, became hereditary in the 9th century. Throughout the early Middle Ages Hainault was a purely agricultural district, owned by a numerous and very quarrelsome and disagreeable nobility ; it possessed also no less than fifteen abbeys. It was famous in legend and history as the chosen land of chivalry, and Froissart, himself a native of Valenciennes, faithfully reflects the character of his fatherland. In the 11th century Baldwin V. of Flanders occupied it, and Baldwin VI., by marrying the heiress to the county, permanently added it to the territories of his house. It was his descendant Baldwin IX., count of Flanders and Hainault, who proclaimed himself first Latin emperor of Constantinople in 1204. In 1300 John of Avenues, count of Hainault, became also count of Holland by right of his mother Adelaide, sister of William II. of Holland ; it was his granddaughter Philippa who in 1326 married the Prince of Wales, afterwards Edward III. Hainault went with Flanders, till it was occupied by Philip "the Good" of Burgundy in the war which lasted from 1424 to 1427. It finally fell to the house of Burgundy on the death of the unfortunate Jacoba in 1436. With the other territories of Charles the Bold it passed with Mary of Burgundy in 1477 to the house of Austria, and remained theirs till the peace of the Pyrenees in 1659, when part of the southern portion of the county was ceded to Louis XIV. a cession confirmed and enlarged at Nimwegen in 1678. Thenceforth there are two Hainaults, the French and the Austrian, the latter answering to the present Belgian province. French Hainault (now a part of the department du Nord) had as its ancient capital Valenciennes ; its other towns are Conde, Cambrai, Maubenge, Le Quesnoy, Landrecies, Avesnes, Givet, Charlemont. Philippeville, which owes its name to Philip II. of Spain, having been transmuted out of a village called Corbigny into a town by Charles V. in 1555, was restored to the Netherlands in 1815. Austrian Hainault was overrun by the French in 1793, and annexed to France as the de partment of Jemmapes in 1794 ; in 1814 it was made part of the kingdom of the Netherlands ; and in 1830, as a matter of course, in the division of that kingdom, it became one of the provinces of the Belgian half.
The chief authorities are the Baron de Reiffenberg s Monuments pour servir A I histoire des Provinces dt Namur, de Hainault, ct de Luxembourg, 1844-1848, and Jacques de Guise s Antiquittz du pays dc Haynault.
HAINBURG, or Haimburg, a town of Austria, in the circle of Bruck, situated on the Danube 27 miles E.S.E. of Vienna, is the seat of a district court of justice and of a tax-office. It occupies part of the site of the old Celtio town Carnuntum, destroyed 251 a.d. Since the fire of 1827 Hamburg has been much improved, and is now a handsomely built town. It is still surrounded by ancient walls, and has a gate guarded by two old towers. There are numerous Roman remains, among which may be men tioned the altar and tower at the town-house, on the latter of which is a statue, said to be of Attila. A Roman aque duct is still used to bring water to the town. Hainburg has a military school for engineers. The two important manu factures are tobacco, employing about 1700 hands, and needles, of which about 80 millions are annually turned out On the neighbouring Hainberg is an old castle, built of Roman remains, which appears in German tradition under the name of Heimburc ; it was wrested from the Hungarians in 1042 by the emperor Henry III. At the foot of the same hill is a castle of the 12th century, where Ottocar, of Bohemia, was married to Margaret of Austria in 1252; earlier it was the residence of the dukes of Babenberg. Outside the town, on an island in the Danube, is the ruined castle of Rothelstein or Rothenstein, held by the Knights Templars. Hainburg was besieged by the Hungarians in 1477, was captured by Matthias Corvinus in 1482, and was sacked, and its inhabitants massacred, by the Turks in 1683. Population (1869), 4178.
HAINICHEN, a town of Saxony, in the circle of Leipsic and the prefecture of Dobeln, is situated on the Little Striegis, 15 miles N.E. of Chemnitz by railway. It is the seat of a royal court of justice, arid has cigar and leather manufactories and a school of weaving. Its most important industry is the manufacture of flannels, baize, and similar fabrics ; indeed it may be called the centre of this industry in Germany. The special whiteness and excellence of the flannel made in Hainichen is due to the peculiar nature of the water used in the manufacture. There are 22 spinning- mills in the town and environs, with about 2500 looms, of which between 300 and 400 are mechanical. There are also large dye-works and bleaching establishments. Large quantities of both wool and cotton are spun and woven, and yarn spun elsewhere is brought to Hainichen to be woven. About 3,850,000 lb of raw wool, worth about 600,000, is annually worked into material, some of which is exported to South America and eastern Asia. Coal is found in the neighbourhood, but does not repay the expense of working. Hainichen is the birthplace of Gellert, to whose memory a bronze statue was erected in the market-place in 1865. The Gellert institution for the poor was erected in 1815. Population (1875), 8468.
perties, and differences in stoutness, length, and strength, enters into a considerable variety of manufactures. Bristles are the stout elastic hairs obtained from the backs of certain breeds of pigs. The finest qualities, and the greatest quantities as well, are obtained from Russia, where a variety of pig is reared principally on account of its bristles. The best and most costly bristles are used by shoemakers, secondary qualities being employed for toilet and clothes-brushes, while inferior qualities are worked up into the commoner kinds of brushes used by painters and for many mechanical purposes. For artists use and for decorative painting, brushes or pencils of hair from the sable, camel, badger, polecat, <tc., are prepared. The hair of various animals which is too short for spinning into yarn is utilized for the manufacture of felt. For this use the hair of rabbits, hares, beavers, and of several other rodents is largely employed, especially in France, in making the finer qualities of felt hats. Cow hair, obtained from tanneries, is used in the preparation of roofing felts, and felt for covering boilers or steam-pipes, and for other similar purposes. It is also largely used by plasterers for binding the mortar of the walls and roofs of houses ; and of late years it has to some extent been woven up into coarse friezes, horse-cloths, railway rugs, and inferior blankets. The tail hair of oxen is also of value for stuffing cushions and other upholstery work, for which purpose, as well as for making the official wigs of law officers, barristers, &c., the tail and body hair of the yak or Thibet ox is also sometimes imported into Europe. The tail and mane hair of horses is in great demand for various purposes. The long tail hair is especially valuable for weaving into hair-cloth, mane hair and the short tail hair being, on the other hand, principally prepared and curled for stuffing the chairs, sofas, and couches which are covered with the cloth manu factured from the long hair. The horse hair used in Great Britain is principally obtained from South America, Germany, and Russia, and its sorting, cleaning, and working up into the various manufactures dependent on the material are industries of some importance. In addition to the purposes already alluded to, horse hair is woven into crino line for ladies bonnets, plaited into fishing lines, woven into
bags for oil -md cider pressers, and into straining cloths for