passage to the sea was available in the later Roman period, it must at least have disappeared before the end of the 15th century; for when in 1438 the Venetians wished to bring their vessels from the Adige to the lake they conveyed them overland from the neighbourhood of Mali to 'l‘orhole. This Hereulean undertaking was proposed by Blasio de Arboribus and Nicole Sorbolo, and it was successfully accomplished at a cost of 15,000 ducats. As early as 1827 a steam- boat. of :23 horse-power, the " Areiduca lianieri," was launched on the lake at Desenzano by a Milan company; and in 1834 it was superseded by another of 18 horse-power. In 1830 Francesco Montaglii of lliva built a boat, the " Manubrio," the machinery of which was in wed by 8 horses going round and round on the deck ; but in 1839 he gave it up as unprofitable. In 1873 there were four steanlboats on the lake in the service of the railway company of Upper Italy, besides thirty-one vessels with a total_ tonnage of about 400 tons, and about 500 fishing boats. The ltalian Government also maintained f'our gnnboats at Pesehiera.
See Dal l’ozzo, Logo, I'ln'tczm, c Rocca d5 Gai'tla c Gardcsmm, Verona, 1678; Volta Seratino, Dcscrz'u'mw dl'l Leg.) (112 (n'ardu, Mantua, 1828; Ercolani, Guild (:1 Lrlgo (Ii Garda, Milan, 1846: iignami, 11 Logo (12' Gal-((1, Milan, 1873.
GARDAIA, or Ghardaya (in the local documents Taghardeit), a town of North Africa in the Algerian Sahara, situated on a hill in the middle of the Wadi Mezab, on the rautc between Morocco and Tripoli, about 36 miles W..\'. W. of Wargla, in 32° 28' N. lat., and 4° 39' E. long., at a height of 1755 feet above the sea-level. Gardaia is well built of limestone, and defended by a bastioned wall pierced with seven gates. There is a Jewish quarter inhabited by about 200 families who hold a large part of the industry of the town in their hands; but the principal inhabitants are the Beni )Iezab, who speak the meal «Iomsab, a dialect of the Berber language slightly modified by Arabic. According to native accounts the town was founded in 952 of the Hegira. In modern times the Turks under Baiss Salah Bey attempted to subjugate the inhabitants, but their invasion was successfully repulsed. Aghrem Baba Saad, a small ruined town to the west of Gardaia, is the fortified post in which the Beni Mezab took refuge. At the time of l)uveyrier’s visit in 1850, Gardaia paid a tribute of 45,000 francs to the French. The population is estimated at from 13,000 to 14,000.
GARDELEGEN (formerly Gardeleben and Gardleben), the chief town of a circle in the government district of Magdeburg, Prussian Saxony, is situated on the right bank of the Milde, 28 miles N.N.W. of Magdeburg The inhabitants are employed in agriculture, linen and woollen manufacture, button-making, calico-printing, and brewing. The chief buildings are the hospital founded in 1285, and the higher borough school. The population in 1875 was 6389.
Gardelegen is a place of great antiquity. In 633 it was destroyed by Dervan, duke of the Wends, but it was rebuilt in 924 by King Henry I. For a long time it was the seat of a line of margrave princes. It remained a free town until 1478. It suffered considerably in the Thirty Years’ War, and in 1775 it was burned by the French. On the neighbouring heath Margrave Louis I. gained in 1343 a victory over Otto the Wild of Brunswick.
GARDENING. See Horticulture.
GARDINER, a city of the United States in Kennebec county, State of Maine, is situated at the junction of the Kennebec and CobOSse rivers, 10 miles S. by E. of Augusta. The water-power of the Cobosse river is much utilized for manufactures, and the town has saw-mills, paper-mills, iron foundries, a woollen factory, a tannery, a pottery, and manufactories of sashes and blinds, and is the headquarters of the ice-business on the Kennebec. It is connected with l’ittston, on the other side of the river, by a bridge 900 feet in length. The population in 1870 was 4407.
GARDINER, Colonel James (1687–1745), a Scottish soldier, was born at Carriden in Linlithgowshire, January 10, 1687. At the age of fourteen he entered a Scottish regiment in the Dutch service, and was afterwards present at the battle of Ramillies, where he was wounded. He subsequently served in different cavalry regiments, and in 1730 was advanced to the rank of lieutenant-colonel, and in 1743 to that of Colonel. llo fell at the battle of l’restonpans, September 1, 1745. The circumstances of his death are described in Sir Walter Scott’s ll'aecrley. In his early years he was distinguished for his recklessness and profligacy, but, in 1719, a supernatural vision, as he re- garded it, led to his conversion; and from that time he lived a life of great devoutncss and of thorough con- sistency with his Christian profession. His life was written by Dr Philip Doddridge.
St Edmunds in 1483. He is believed to have been the illegitimate son of Dr Woodville, bishop of Salisbury, brother of Elizabeth Woodville, queen of Edward IV. If so, he lost his father when he was only one year old; but his education seems to have been carefully provided for. He was sent to Cambridge and studied at Trinity Hall, where he greatly distinguished himself in the classics, especially in Greek. He afterwards devoted himself to the canon and civil law, in which subjects he attained so great a proficiency that no one could dispute his pro-eminence. He received the degree of doctor of civil law in 1520, and of canon law in the following year. Ere long his abilities attracted the notice of Cardinal Wolsey, who made him his secretary, and in this capacity he is said to have been with him at More Park in Hertfordshire, when the conclusion of the celebrated treaty of the More brought Henry VIII. and the French ambassadors thither. It is stated, and with great probability, that this was the occasion on which he was first introduced to the king’s notice, but he does not appear to have been actively engaged in Henry’s service till three years later. In that of Wolsey, he undoubtedly acquired a very intimate knowledge of foreign politics, and in 1527 he and Sir Thomas More were named commissioners on the part of England in arranging a treaty with the French ambassadors for the support of an army in Italy against the emperor. That year he accompanied Wolsey on his important diplomatic mission to France, the splendour and magnificence of which are so graphically described by Cavendish. Among the imposing train who went with the cardinal—including, as it did, several noblemen and privy councillors—Gardiner alone seems to have been acquainted with the real heart of the matter which made this embassy a thing of such peculiar moment. Henry was then particularly anxious to cement his alliance with Francis I., and gain his cooperation as far as possible in the object on which he had secretly set his heart—a divorce from Catherine of Aragon. In the course of his progress through France he received orders from Henry to send back his secretary Gardiner, or, as he was called at court, Master Stevens, for fresh instructions; to which he was obliged to reply that he positively could not spare him as he was the only instrument he had in advancing the king’s “secret matter.” Next year Gardiner, though still nominally in the service of Wolsey, was sent to Italy along with Edward Fox, provost of King’s College, Cambridge, to promote the same business with the pope. His despatches on this occasion are still extant, and whatever we may think of the cause on which he was engaged, they certainly give a wonderful impression of the zeal and ability with which be discharged his functions. Ilore his perfect familiarity with the canon law gave him an advantage over all with whom he had to negotiate. Clement VII., who was then at Orvioto, and had just recently escaped from captivity at St Angelo at the hands of the imperialists, did not wish to offend the king of England, but was still more in dread of the emperor. He only desired to temporize.
But (fartliner would not allow him to take refuge in an