GARAT, Dominique Joseph (1749–1833), was born at Bayonne, 8th September 1749. After receiving a good education under the direction of a relation who was a cure, he came to Paris, where he obtained introductions to the most distinguished writers of the time, and became a con- tributor to the Encyclopedic lllritlzodique and the .llercm'e ([6 Home. He gained considerable reputation by an (logo on L’HOpital in 1778, and was afterwards three times crowned by the Academy for cloges on Suger, Montausier, and Fontenelle. In 1785 he was named professor of history at the Athenteum, where his lectures enjoyed an equal popularity with those of Laharpe on literature. Being chosen a deputy to the states-general in 1789, he rendered important service to the popular cause by his naT'rative of the proceedings of the Assembly contributed to the Journal de Paris. Possessing strongly optimist views, a mild and irresolute character, and indefinite and change- able convictions, he played a somewhat undignified part in the great political events of the time, and became a pliant tool in carrying out the designs of others. He succeeded Danton as minister of justice in 1792, and in this capacity had entrusted to him what he called the commission qfreuse of communicating to Louis XVI. his sentence of death. In 1793 he became minister of the interior, and during the Reign of Terror he was imprisoned, but he received his liberty after the revolution of the 9th Thermidor, and was named minister of public instruction. In 1798 he was appointed ambassador to Naples, and in the following year he became a member of the Council of the Ancients. After the revolu- tion of the 18th Brumaire, he was chosen a senator by Napoleon and created a count. During the Hundred Days he was a member of the chamber of representatives, and strongly opposed the recall of the Bourbons. In 1803 he was chosen a member of the Institute of France, but after the restoration of Louis XVIII. his name was, in 1816, deleted from the list of members. After the reVolution of 1830 he was named a member of the new Academy of Moral and Political Science. He died at Ustaritz near layonne, April 25, 1853. His writings are characterized by elegance, grace, and variety of style, and by the highest kind of rhetorical eloquence; but his grasp of his subject is super- ficial, and as his criticisms have no root in fixed and philo- sophical principles they are not unfrequently whimsical and inconsistent. He Inust not be confounded with his elder brother Dominique (1735—1799), who was also a deputy to the states-general.
The works of Garat include, besides those already mentioned, Considerations su-r la Itt'volutz'on fl'ang'aisc, Paris, 1792; lllémoircs .s-ur Ia IBv'rolution, on Eagmsé dc ma conduitc, 1795 ; Jlémoircs sur 1:: r2"; dc Jl. Sum-(l, sur scs écrits, ct sur 10 X VIII"1e siéclc, 1820; elogcs on Joul)crt, Klébcr, and Dcsaix; several notices of distinguished persons; and a large number of articles in periodicals.
GARAT, Pierre-Jean (1764–1823), one of the most famous singers of his time, nephew of the former, was born at Ustaritz, 25th April 1764. Gifted with a voice of ex- ceptional timbre and compass, he devoted himself, from an early age, to the cultivation of his musical talents. On account of his manifesting a distaste for the legal profession, for which his father wished him to study, he was deprived of his allowance, but he obtained through the patronage of a friend the office of secretary to Comte d’Artois, and was afterwards engaged to give musical lessons to the queen of France. After the Revolution he became a professional smger, and on account of a song which he had composed in reference to the misfortunes of the royal family he was thrown into prison. On regaining his liberty he went to Hamburg, where he at once achieved extraordinary success ; and by his subsequent appearances in Paris, and his visits to Italy, Spain, Germany, and Russia, he made for himself a reputation as a singer unequalled by any other of his own time. He was a keen partisan of the composer Gluck in opposition to Handel. ()n the institution of the Conserva- toire de Musique, he became its professor of singing. He is also the composer of a number of songs, many of which have considerable merit. He died 1st March 1823.
GARAY, János (1812–1853), Hungarian poet and author, was born 10th October 1812, at Szegsz’trd, in the county of Tolna. From 1823 to 1828 he studied at Fiinfkirchen, and subsequently, in 1829, at the university of l’esth. H ere, having become acquainted with the works of the best German authors, he devoted himself to literary pursuits, and in 1834 brought out an heroic poem, in hexameters, under the title C'scsttir. After this he issued in quick succession various historical dramas, among which the most successful were Arbécz, Orszcigh I Iona, and [Mt/tori Erasélx't,——the first two published at Pesth in 1837, and the last in 1840. From 1833 to 1836 Garay was, moreover, associated with the literary journal Ref/6'16 (Taleteller), and in 1837 assisted in the editorship of the periodical It’ajzo- latol; (Sketches). At the beginning of 1838 he removed to Presburg, where he was for some time engaged in editing the political journal 1177-216}; (Herald). He returned to I’esth in 1839, when he was elected a corresponding member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. In 1842 he was admitted into the Kisfaludy Society, of which he became second secretary. Garay enriched Hungarian literature with numerous lyrical poems, ballads, and tales. The first collection of his poems was published at I’esth in 1843 ; and his prose tales appeared in 1845, under the title of Tollwg'zok (Sketches with the Pen). His historical ballads and legends, styled Arpcitlok Pesth, 1847 (2d ed. 1848), showed him to be a master in the art of ballad writing. Some of his lyrical poems also are excellent, as, for example, Bulatoni [Inf/9'16]; (Shells from the Balaton Lake), 1’csth, 1848. His legend Bosngd/c ZsQ/iu, Pesth, 1847, as also his poetical romance I'lrangepcin Kristo/ha? (Christopher Frauge- pan’s \Vife), Pesth, 1846, gained the prize of the Kisfaludy Society. His last and most famous work was an historical poem in 12 cantos, with the title 82th Lciszlé (Saint Ladis- laus), Eger, 1852 (2d ed. Pesth, 1853, 3d ed. 1863). In 1848 (taray was nominated professor of Hungarian language and literature to the university of Pesth, but in the following year he resigned that post. In 1850 he became enfeebled in health, and at length unfit for further literary efforts. After about four years’ illneSs, he died on the 5th Novem- ber 1853, in great want, in the forty-second year of his age. A collective edition of his poems was published at Pesth the year after his death by F. Ney (2d ed. 1860), and several of his poems have been translated by Kertbeuy.
See Garay Janos b'sszcs Irb'ltcményci, 2d ed., Pesth, 1860 ; and Dichtungm tron Johann Garay, 2d ed., Vienna, 1856.
painter. His real name was Raffaello Capponi ; Del Garbo was a nickname, bestowed upon him seemingly from the graceful nicety (gm-()0) of his earlier works. He was a scholar of F ilippino Lippi, with whom he remained till 1490, if not later. He showed great facility in design, and excited hopes which the completerl body of his works fell short of. He married and had a large family; embarrassments and a haphazard manner of work ensued ; and finally he lapsed into a very dejected and penurious condition. Three of his best tempera pictures are in the Berlin Gallery ; one of the Madonna standing with her Infant between two nnlsician-angels, is particularly attractive. We may also name the oil-painting of the Resurrection done for the church of Monte Oliveto, Florence, now in the academy of
the same citv, ordinarily reputed to be Raffaellino’s master