enjoyed very great popularity. His C/n'e'stliche 1V ystik gave a series of biographies of the saints, together Wltll. an ex- position of Roman Catholic mysticism. But his most celebrated Ultramontane work was a polemical one. Its occasion was the deposition and imprisonment by the Prussian Government of the archbishop Clement Wen— ceslaus, in consequence of the refusal of that prelate to sanction in certain instances the marriages of Protestants and Roman Catholics. Gorres in his A Ihanasius fiercely up- held the power of the church, although the liberals of later date who have claimed Gin-res as one of their own school deny that he ever insisted on the absolute supremacy of tome. Allianasius went through several editions, and originated a long and bitter controversy. In the Histo- risch-pol-ilisc/ee Jild'ltcr, a Munich journal, Giirres and his son tuido continually upheld the claims of the church. Giirres received from the king the order of merit for his services. He was terribly disturbed when the king sunk under the dominion of Lola Montez, and he died July 29,
1848.
See A. Dcnk, Joseph eon Gel-res, 1870; J. J. Scpp, (firms and scinc Zcilgmossc-n, 1877. A complete edition of Giirres's works was published at Munich in 1854.
GORTSCHAKOFF (Gorchakov), a noble Russian family, descended from Michael Vsevolodovich, prince of Chernigolt', who, in 1246, was assassinated by the Mongols. The following are the most distinguished members of this family. Petr Dimitrievich (1790–1868) served under Kamensky and Kutuzofl' in the campaign against Turkey, and afterwards against France in 1813–1814. In 1820 he suppressed an insurrection in the Caucasus, for which service he was raised to the rank of major-general. In 1828–29 he fought under Wittgenstein against the Turks, occupied Aides, and signed the treaty of peace at AdrianOple. In 1839 he was made governor of eastern Siberia, and in 1851 retired into private life. When the Crimean war broke out he offered his services to the emperor Nicholas, by whom he was appointed general of the 6th army corps in the Crimea. At the battles of Alma and Inkerman he commanded the left wing of the Russian army. In 1855 he retired, and died at Moscow, March 18, 1868. Mikhail Dimitrievich (1792–1861), brother of the preceding, was born in 1792. In 1807 he entered the Russian army, in 1810 he took part in the campaigns against Persia, and in 1812–1815 against France. During the Russo-Turkish war of 1828–29, he directed the operations of the sieges of Silistria and Shumla. After being appointed, in 1830, general of artillery, he was present in the campaigns in Poland, and was wounded at the battle of Grochow, February 25, 1831. He also distinguished himself at the battle of Ostrolenka and at the taking of Warsaw. For these services he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-general. In 1846 he was nominated military governor of Warsaw. In 1849 he commanded the Russian artillery against the Hungarians, and in 1852 he visited London as a representative of the Russian army at the funeral of the duke of Wellington. Upon Russia declaring war against Turkey in 1853, he was appointed commander-in-chief of the tr00ps, numbering in all some 60,000 men, which occupied Moldavia and Wallachia. On the 23d March 1854 he crossed the Danube and besieged Silistria, but was superseded in April by Prince Paskievich, who, however, resigned on the 8th of June, when Gortschakofl' resumed the command. In July the siege of Silistria was raised, and the {ussian armies recrossed the Danube ; in August they withdrew to Russia. In 1855 he was appointed commander-in-chief of the Russian forces in the Crimea in place of Prince Mentshikofl‘. Gortschakoff’s defence of Sebastopol, and final retreat to the northern part of the town, which he continued to defend till peace was signed in Paris, were conducted with skill and energy. In 1856 he was appointed governor—general of Poland. He died at Warsaw on the 30th May 1861.
GORTYNA, or Gortyn, an important ancient city on the southern side of the island of Crete. It stood on the banks of the small river Lethaeus (Mitropolipotamo), at a. short distance from the sea, with which it communicated by means of its two harbours, Metallum and Lebena. It had temples of Apollo Pythius, Artemis, and Zeus. Near the town was the famous fountain of Sauros, inclosed by fruit-bearing poplars ; and not far from this was another spring, overlmng by an evergreen plane—tree which in popular belief marked the scene of the amours of Jupiter and Europa. Gortyna was, next to Cnossus, the largest and most powerful city of Crete. The two cities com- bined to subdue the rest of the island; but when they had gained their object, they quarrellcd with each other, and the history of both towns is from this time little more than a record of their feuds. Neither plays a conspicuous part in the history of Greece. Under the Romans Gortyna became the metropolis of the island. Some ruins may still be traced at the modern village of Hagii Deka.
Austrian monarchy, between 45° 36' 3" and 46° 27" N. lat., and bounded N. by Carinthia, E. by Carniola, Istria, and the Triestine territory, S. by the Triestine tcrri- tory and the Adriatic, and IV. by Italy. 011 all sides, except towards the south-west where it unites with the Friulian lowland, it is surrounded by mountains, and four-sixths at least of its area of 1140 square miles is occupied by mountains and hills. From the ridge of the Julian Alps, which rise in an almost unbroken line to a height of 6000 or 7000 feet, the country descends in successive terraces towards the sea, and may roughly be divided into the upper highlands, the lower highlands, the hilly district, and the lowlands. The highest summit is the Terglou, 9370 feet, in the north-west. Geologically the country is a great limestone district, comprising lime- stone of many different formations, haetian, Jurassic, N eocomian, and N ummulitie; and the strata have evidently undergone a series of powerful disturbances. The hydro- graphy is sufficiently peculiar, a considerable proportion of the circulation of the waters taking place by under- ground channels. The limits of the country coincide in the main with that of the basin of the Isonzo, which rises in the extreme north at a height of 2650 feet, and pursues a strange zigzag course for a distance of 78 miles before it reaches the Adriatic. At Gorz the Isonzo is still 138 feet above the sea, and it is navigable only in its lowest section, where it takes the name of the Sdobba. Its tributaries, of which the most important are the Idria, the Torre, and the \Vippach, are little more than mountain streams. Of special interest not only in itself but for the frequent allusions to it in classical literature is the Timavus or Timavo. In ancient times it appears, according to the well-known description of Virgil (zEnu i. 244) to have rushed from the mountain by nine separate mouths and with much noise and commotion, but at present it usually issues from only three mouths and flows quiet and still. It is strange enough, however, to see the river coming out full formed from the rock, and capable at its very source- of bearing vessels on its bosom. According to a probable hypothesis it is a continuation of the river Reka which is lost in a cleft of the rock in the south—east of the country near S. Canziano. The coast-line of Gtirz and Gradisca, though extending for ‘35 miles, presents no harbour of much importance. It is fringed by alluvial deposits and lagoons which are for the most part of very modern formation; for as late as the 4th or 5th centuries Aquileia was a great
seaport. The harbour of Grade is the only one accessible