of the gooseberry and V-moth; infusion of foxglove, and tobacco—water, are likewise tried by some growers. If the fallen leaves are carefully removed from the ground in the autumn and burnt, and the surface of the soil turned over with the fork or spade, most eggs and chrysalids will
be destroyed.The goosebcrry was introduced into the United States by the early settlers, and in some parts of New England large quantities of the green fruit are produced and sold for culinary use in the towns; but the excessive heat of the American summer is not adapted for the healthy maturation of the berries, especially of the English varieties. Perhaps if some of these, or th0se raised in the country, could be crossed with one of the indigenous species, kinds might be obtained better fitted for American conditions of culture, although the gooseberry does not readily hybridize. The bushes are apt to be infested by a minute fly, known as the gooseberry midge, Cecitlomg/ia grossularicc, which lays its eggs in the green fruit, in which the larvae are hatched, causing the berries to turn purple and fall prematurely. According to Mr Fitch, the midge attacks the wild native species as well as the cultivated gooseberry.
The gooseberry, when ripe, yields a fine wine by the fermentation of the juice with water and sugar, the result- ing sparkling liquor retaining much of the flavour of the fruit. By similarly treating the juice of the green fruit, picked just before it ripens, an effervescing wine is pro- duced, nearly resembling some kinds of champagne, and, when skilfully prepared, far superior to much of the liquor sold under that name. Brandy has been made from ripe gooseberries by distillation; by exposing the juice with sag-1r to the acetous fermentation a good vinegar may be obtained. The gooseberry, when perfectly ripe, contains a large quantity of sugar, most abundant in the red and amber varieties; in the former it amounts to from 6 to upwards of 8 per cent. The acidity of the fruit is chiefly due to malic acid.
Several other species of the sub-genus produce edible fruit, though none have as yet been brought under economic cul- ture. Among them may be noticed Ii’. oxyacanthoz'des and 1?. cynosbali, abundant in Canada and the northern parts of the United States, and 12. gracilc, common along the Alleghany range. The group is a widely distributed one, species occurring to the west of the Rocky Mountains, and in Siberia and Japan, while one is said to have been found by recent explorers on the lofty Kilimanjaro, near the lake- sonrces of the Nile.
GOPHER (Testu/Io gopher, Bartr.), the only living representative on the North American continent of the Tcstmlfnillre or family of land tortoises, where it occurs in the south-eastern parts of the United States, from Florida in the south to the river Savannah in the north. Its cara- pace, which is oblong and remarkably compressed, measures from 13 to 14 inches in extreme length, the shields which cover it being grooved, and of a yellow—brown colour. The gopher abounds chiefly in the forests, but occasionally visits the open plains, where it does great damage, especially to the potato crops, on which it feeds. It is a nocturnal animal, remaining concealed by day in its deep burrow, and coming forth at night to feed. Its strength in proportion to its size is said to be enormous, it being able, according to Dnmeril and Bibron, to move along comfortably bearing a man on its back. The flesh of the g0plier or mungofa, as it'is also called, is considered excellent eating.
GÖPPINGEN, a town of W'iirtémberg, circle of the Danube, on the right bank of the Fils, 22 miles ESE. of Stuttgart. It possesses an old castle erected by Duke Christopher in the 16th century, two evangelical churches, a Roman Catholic chapel, a synagogue, a real school, a classical school, and an ad vanccd school. The manufactures include linen and woollen cloth, leather, glue, paper, machines, and toys. Three miles north of the town are the ruins of the old castle of Hohenstaufen, with the Barbarossa chapel, containing, besides other adornincnts, an old fresco of Frederick Barbarossa dating probably from the 16th century. GUppingen originally belonged to the house of Hohenstaufen, and at a later period came into the posses- sion of the counts of Wiirteinberg. It was surrounded by walls in 1129. The population in 1875 was 953:2.
GORAKHPUR, a district of the North-“'cstern Pro- vinces, India, between 26° 50' 15" and 27’ 238' 48" N. hit, and between 83° 7' and 84° 29' E. long, bounded on the N. by the territory of Nepal, on the E. by Clltllllllill‘illl and Saran, on the S. by the Gogra river, and on the W. by Basti and Fyzabad, with an area of 4578 square miles. The (lis- trict lies immediately south of the lower Himalayan slopes, but forms itself a portion of the great alluvial plain. Only a few sandli ills break the monotony of its level surface, which is, however, intersected by numerous rivers studded with lakes and marshes. In the north and centre dense forests abound, and the whole country has a verdant appearance. The principal rivers are the Ptapti, the Gogra, the great and little Gandak, the Kuana, the Rolim, the Aini, and the Gunghi. The tiger is found in the north, and many other wild animals abound throughout the district. The lakes are well stocked with fish.
The population, which in 1853 numbered 1,816,390, had risen to 2,019,361 in 1872, a great increase in so short a period ; of these, 1,819.445 or 901 per cent. are Hindus, 199,372 Mussulmans, and 533 Christians. The district contains a total cultivated area of 2621 square miles, with 897 square miles available for cultivation, most of which is now under forest. The chief products are cotton, rice, btijra, jodr, moth, and other food-stuffs. The commerce of Gorakhpur is confined to the above products. The means of com- munication are still imperfect. Two good nietalled roads run through the district, one from Gorakhpur to Benarcs Tia Bar- halganj, the other to Basti and Fyzabad. The total revenuein 1876 was £227,738. The police force in 1875 numbered 755 OIllCCl‘S and men. In 1875 there were 435 schools, with 13,525 pupils. The district is not subject to very intense heat, from which it is secured by its vicinity to the hills and the moisture of its soil. Dust—storms are rare, and cool breezes from the south, rushing down the gorges of the Himalayas, succeed each short interval ofwarmweather. The climate is, however, relaxing. The southern and eastern portions are as healthy as most parts of the province, but the kiwi and forest-tracts are still subject to malaria. The average rainfall from 1860 to 1871 was 458 inches ; the maxi- mum was 60 inches in 1861, and the minimum 25 inches in 1868- The mean monthly temperature in the shade was 77° in 1870, aml 76° in 1871. The death rate in 1875 was 40'092, or 1985 per thousand of the population.
Gautama Buddha, the founder of the religion bearing his name, died within the district of Gorakhpur. It thus became the head- quarters of the new creed, and was one of the first tracts to receive it. The country from the beginning of the 6th century was the scene of a continuous struggle between the l’»hars and their Aryan antagonists, the Halitors. About 900 the Domhatars or military Braliinans appeared, and expelled the Rahtors from the town of Gorakhpur, but they also were soon driven back by other invaders. During the 15th and 16th centuries, after the district had been dcsolatcd by incessant war, the descendants of the various conquerors held parts of the territory, and each seems to have lived quite isolated, as no bridges or roads attest any intercourse with each other. Towards the end of the 16th century, Mussnlmans occupied Gorakhpur town, but they interfered very little with the. district, and allowed it to be controlled by the l)fltl\'01‘:'l_jil,s. In the middle of the 18th century a formidable fee, the Banjaras from the west, kept the district in a state of terror, and‘so weakened the power of the raj-as that they could not resist the fiscal exactions of the Oudh officials, who plundered and ravaged the country to a great extent. The district formed part of the territory ecded_by ()ndh to the British under the treaty of 1801. During the mutiny it was lost for a short time, but under the friendly Gurkhas the rebels were driven out, and the whole district once more passed under British rule.
headquarters of Gorakhpur district, Nerth-Western Provinces, in 26° 44' 8" N. lat., and 83° 23’ 4.4" long, on
the river Rapti, near the centre of the district. It was