strictly agricultural matters. In 1847 he delivered a series of systematic lectures on the comparative anatomy of the invertebrate; and, about this period, as member of an zesthetic club, he wrote papers on the natural principles of beauty, the zesthetics of the ugly, of smell, the approba- tion or disapprobation of sounds, and other refinements. Owing to the failing health of Professor Jameson, Goodsir was induced to deliver the course of lectures on natural his- tory during the summer of 1853. It was mainly zoological, and included the psychological conditions of man as com- pared with the brute, and the highest exercise of the human faculties—perception, logic, and science. These lectures are among the memorabilia of the university; but the in- finite amount of thought and exertion which they cost broke the health of the lecturer. Goodsir, nevertheless, persisted in work till 1853, when the necessity for rest urged itself with painful force. A sojourn on the Continent, though it refreshed, could not rid him of incipient paralysis, the common penalty for overtaxing powers. The death of Forbes in 1854 was a sore trial to Goodsir, and though other friends were numerous, the firm attachment of this man could not be replaced. Goodsir persevered in his labours, writing in 1855 on organic electricity, in 1856 on morphological subjects, and afterwards on the structure of organized forms,—his speculations in the latter domain giving birth to his theory of a triangle as the mathematical figure upon which nature had built up both the organic and inorganic worlds. The fundamental principle of form he conceived to exist within the province of crystallography, and to be discernible by a close study of the laws of that science. As he believed that every cell had a parent cell, or “a mother,” so he argued there was an umbilicus or centre in everything. He regarded man as simply a con- glomerate of cells, rising up, maturing, and decaying. He saw in the growth and form and finished structure of man a tetrahedron,—man, a physical being and a form divine, but a crystal in his structural entity and arrangement. Goodsir hoped to complete the triangle theory of formation and law as the greatest of his works. In his lectures on the skull and brain he held the doctrine that symmetry of brain had more to do with the higher faculties than bulk or form. Goodsir was still working out these higher studies when death ended his labours. He expired at Wardie, near Edinburgh, on the 6th of March 1867, in the same cottage in which his friend Edward Forbes died. Goodsir’s anatomical lectures are remarkable for their solid basis of fact; and no one in Britain took so wide a field for survey, or marshalled so many facts for anatomical
tabulation and synthesis.
See Anatomical .llcmoirs of John Goodsir. RR 3., edited by JV. Turner, 31.11., with .llcmoir by II. Lonsdalc, 111.0,. Edinb. 1868, 2 vols., in which Goodsir’s lectures. addresses, and writings are Zpitomized; I’rocccdinr/s of the 1203/. Soc. of Loml., vol. iv., 1868; ransactwns of the Botanical Soc. Eilan 1868, vol. 1x.
GOODWIN, Thomas (1600–1679), a prominent English divine of the later Puritan period, was born at Rollesby, Norfolk, on the 5th of October 1600, and a little before the completion of his thirteenth year was enrolled a student of Christ’s College, Cambridge, where in 1616 be pro- ceeded to the degree of BA. In 1619 he removed to St Catherine’s Hall, and there in 1620 he was chosen fellow. In 1625 he was licensed a preacher of the university ; and three years afterwards he became lecturer of Trinity Church, to the vicarage of which he was presented by the king in 1632. Harassed by the interferences of his bishop, who was a zealous adherent of Laud, he resigned all his prefer- mcnts and left the university in 1634. He then seems to have lived for some time in London, where in 1638 he married the daughter of an alderman; but, in the follow- ing year, he found it expedient to withdraw to Holland, and for some time was pastor of a small congregation of English merchants and refugees at Arnheinl. Returning to London soon after Laud‘s impeachment by the Long Parliament, he ministered for some years to an Independent congregation in the parish of St Dunstan’s-in-the-East, and rapidly rose to considerable eminence as a preacher; in 1643 he was chosen a member of the Westminister Assembly, and at once identified himself with the Con- gregational party, generally referred to in contemporary documents as “the dissenting brethren." He frequently preached by appointment before the Commons, and in January 1650 his talents and learning were rewarded by the House with the presidentsllip of Magdalen College, Oxford, a post which he held until the period of the Restoration. He rose into high favour with the Protector, and ultimately became somewhat prominent among his more intimate advisers. From 1660 until his death, which occurred on the 23d of February 1679, he lived in London, and devoted himself exclusively to theological study and to the pastoral charge of a small congregation which his piety and intellectual abilities had attached to him.
The works published by Goodwin during his lifetime consist chiefly of sermons printed by order of the House of Commons ; but he was also associated with Nye and others in the preparation of the Apologetimll Narration (1643). His collected writings, which include expositions of considerable portions of the Epistle to the Ephesians and of the Apocalypse, were published in live folio volumes between 1681 and 1704, and have recently been reprinted in twelve 8vo volumes (Edin. 1861—66). Characterized by great yet one-sided reading, remarkable at once for the depth and for the narrowness of their ObServation and spiritual experience, often admirably thorough in their workmanship, yet in style prolix to a. degree that, by modern readers at least, is sometimes found to be almost intolerable,—they fairly exemplify both the merits and the defects of the special school of religious thought to which they belong. Calamy's estimate of Goodwin’s qualities may be quoted as both friendly and just. “He was a considerable Scholar and an eminent divine, and had a very happy faculty in descanting upon Scripture so as to bring forth surprising remarks, which yet gene- rally tended to illustration." A memoir, derived from his own papers, by his son is prefixed to the fifth volume of his collected works; as a “ )atriarch and Atlas of lndependency" he is also noticed by “’00 in the Athcnce Oxonienscs. A somewhat amusing sketch, from Addison's point of view, of the Puritan president of Magdalen’s is to be met with in No. 494 of the Spectator.
GOOJERAT. See Gujarat.
Riding of Yorkshire, is situated on the right bank of the Ouse, 25 miles W. of Hull, on the Hull and Doncastcr tailway, and at the eastern terminus of the Wakefield, Pontefract, and Goole branch of the Lancashire and York— shire Railway. About a mile north of Goole the Ouse is- crossed by a railway swing bridge, worked by hydraulic power. Until it was made a bonding port in 1829, Goole was an obscure hamlet; but since the erection shortly afterwards of commodious docks, it has steadily advanced in prosperity. The harbour, 250 feet long and 200 wide, communicates by gates with the wet docks, which consist of the ship dock 700 feet by 200, with a depth of 18 feet, the railway dock 600 feet by 200, and the steamship dock. 900 feet by 150. The town is well built, and possesses a fine modern parish church in the Perpendicular style, a toman Catholic chapel in the Early English style, a neat custom-house, a market hall, a handsome courthouse, a union poorhouse, public, free, and national schools, and extensive warehouses for grain and other goods. The number of British ships that entered the port in 1877 was 1686, with a tonnage of 298,150; of foreign ships 6:2, with a tonnage of 16,399. The number of British ships that cleared was 2642, with a tonnage of 342,727; of foreign ships 64, with a tonnage of 17,038. There is regular steam communication with London and the prin- cipal Continental ports. The chief exports are coal, woollen goods, and machinery; and the chief imports,
butter, fruit, indigo, logwood, timber, and wool. The