GOLGOTHA. See Jerusalem.
GOLIUS, Jacobus (1596–1667), Orientalist, was born at the Hague in 1596, and studied at Leyden, where in Oriental languages he was the most distinguished pupil of Erpenius. In 1622 he accompanied the Dutch embassy to Morocco, and on his return he was chosen to succeed Erpenius (1624). In the following year he set out on a Syrian and Arabian tour from which he did not return until 1629. The remainder of his life was spent at Leyden where from that date he held the chair of mathematics as well as that of Arabic until his death, which occurred on September 28th, 1667.
His most important work is the Lexicon Arabico-Lati—num, fol., Leyden 1653, which, based on the Silzah of Al-Jauhari, has only recently been superseded by the corresponding work of F reytag. Among his earlier publications may be mentioned editions of vari- ous Arabic texts (Proverbz'a qua‘dam Alis, imperatoris illuslcmz'cz', ct Carmen Tograz', poctoe (lootissimi, necnon dissertatio qmcdam A ben Syna', 1629; and .-thnwd£s Arabsiadw vita: et rcrum gestarmn Timurt, qui vulgo Tamerlanes dicitur, historia, 1636). In 1656 he published a new edition, with considerable additions, of the Gram- matica Arabica of Erpenius. After his death, there was found among his papers a Dictionarz' um Per-sico-Latinmn which was pub- lished, with additions, by Edmund Castell in his Lexicon Hepta- glotton (1669). Golius also edited, translated, and annotated the astronomical treatise of Alfragan (.llztharnmcdis, filii Kctz'ri Fer- ganensz's, qui eulgo Alfraganus dicitur, Elementa Astronomica Arabicc ct Latina, 1669).
GOLLNOW, a town in the Prussian province of Pomer- ania, government district of Stettin, is situated on the right bank of the Ilna, 14 miles N.N.E. of Stettin, with which it has communication by steamer. It possesses two suburbs, and has manufactures of linen and woollen goods, copper wares, ribbons, paper, and tobacco. Gollnow was founded in 1190, was raised to the rank of a town by Barnim I. in 1268, and in 1314 received Liibeck rights. It was formerly a Hanse town, and came into the possession of Prussia in 1720, The population in 1876 was 7913.
GÖLNITZ, or Göllnitz (Golniczbánya), a mining town of Hungary, on a river of the same name, in the county of Szepes (Zips), about 18 miles south—west of Eperies, 48° 51' N. lat., 20’ 59' E. long. In the vicinity are iron and copper mines, which, with the forges, and the nail and wire factories, &c., afford employment to most of the inhabitants. It is the seat of a mining council and tribunal, has Roman Catholic and Protestant churches, post and telegraph offices, and a high school. In 1870 the popu- lation amounted to 5205, composed of Magyars, Slavs, and Germans. Golnitz was formerly a royal free town ; its chief importance now is as a mining centre.
GOLOVNIN, Vasily Mikhailovich (1776–1831), a Russian vice-admiral, was born April 20, 1776, in the vil- lage of Gulynki, in the province of Ryazan, and received his education at the Cronstadt naval school. From 1801 to 1806 he served as a volunteer in the English navy. In 1807 he was commissioned by the Russian Government to survey the coasts of Kamchatka and of Russian America, including also the Kurile Islands. Golovnin sailed round the Cape of Good Hope, and on October 5, 1809, arrived in Kamchatka. In 1810, whilst attempting to survey the coast of the island of Kunashir, he was seized by the Japanese, and was retained by them as a prisoner until October 13, 1813, when he was liberated, and in the following year he returned to St Petersburg. Soon after this the Govern- ment planned another expedition, which had for its object the circumnavigation of the globe by a Russian ship, and Golovnin was appointed to the command. He started from St Petersburg on the 7th September 1817, sailed round Cape Horn, and arrived in Kamchatka in the following May. He returned to Europe by way of the Cape of Good Hope, and landed at St Petersburg, September 17, 1819. He died July 12, 1831.
Golovnin published several works, of which the following are the most important :—Journcy to Ix'amrhalka, 2 vols., 1819; Journey round the IVorld , 2 \'01s., 1822 ; and Narrative of my Captivity in. Japan, 2 vols., 1816. The last has been translated into F reneh, German, and English. A complete edition of his works was pub- lished at St l'etersburg, 186 4, in live volumes, with maps and charts, and a biography of the author by N. Grech.
GOLTZ, Bogumil (1801–1870), humorist and satirist, was born of a German family settled at Warsaw, March 20, 1801. At the age of seven he was taken by some friends to Ktiiiigsberg, and after studying at the gymnasium was placed under the care of a country clergyman near Marien— werder. He next went to the gymnasium of Marienwerder, and finally returned to Kt‘migsberg. In 1817 he began to learn practical farming on an estate near Thorn ; but the strong desire which he felt for scientific culture led him, five years later, to the university of Breslau. There he at first entered upon the study of theology, but he did not pursue it, selecting instead philosophy and philology. The next year he bought an estate near Thorn, married the daughter of a Prussian officer, and applied himself to the duties of a farmer. He did not succeed ; and after other equally un- successful experiments in the same line in Poland and Prussia, he retired in 1830 to the small town of Gollub, and devoted himself to literary studies. Sixteen years of meditative seclusion passed away; and then, having taken up his abode at Thorn, he gave to the world the first fruits of his studies and refiexions in the charming poetic flue/1 cler Kind/wit (1847), in which he delineates the incidents and impressions of his own childhood with a tender feeling like that of Jean Paul. The dates which he gives in this narrative are inconsistent with those which he furnished for the memoir in Brockhaus’s Conrersations-Lexikon ; and a chronological difficulty is thus created which perhaps it may not be possible to solve.
The Buck der Kind/wit was speedily followed by a satiri- cal and polemical epistle against Ronge and the friends of enlightenment, which he entitled Dcutsc/te Enmrt-zmg in (161' tic/agi'eundlic/zen 21ml moclcmen Lebensart. For the purpose of enlarging his experience of men, and of amassing stores of material for his art as humorist and reformer of human life and society, he undertook a course of extensive travels, visiting Germany, France, England, Italy, and Egypt. In 1850 he published Das fllensc/zemlaseyn in seincn u'elteuvy a Ziigen, and Zeic/wn. This was followed by another poeti— cally conceived work on his own early life, entitled Eire J ugendleben: Bz'ographisclzes Idyll (ms ll’estpreussen (185 2), and by Ein Ii'lei-nstddter in Aegyptm (1853). In his next work, Der 111mm]; and die Leute (1858), he especially dis- plays his peculiar powers in profound and acute sketches of various races of men. It is a book of enduring value. His Die Deutsrlwn, consisting of a series of studies on the history and peculiarities of the genius of the Germans, appeared in 1860. His other works are Z en- clan-alcteristik and Natm'gesc/tichte der Frauen (1859), Typen du- G'esellsckqft (1860), Die Bildng and die Gebildeten (1864), Vorlesungen (1869), and Die ll'dtlclugheit and die Lebeus- wees-heft mit threw. correspondirenden Studien (1869). Goltz is a follower of Jean Paul, -and has many of the characteristics of his master ; but he takes a lower place as literary artist, wanting Jean Paul’s creative imagination. He died at Thorn, November 11, 1870.
An interesting essay on Goltz was contributed by the poet, Rudolf Gottschall, to Unscre Zeit, new series, 1871.
and engraver, was born in 1558 at Millebrecht, in the duchy of J uliers. After studying painting on glass for some years under his father, he was taught the use of the burin by Dirk Volkertsz Coomlert, a Dutch engraver 0f mediocre attain- ment, whom he soon surpassed, but who retained his services
for his own advantage. He was also employed by Philip