relation of surh personsasgot wonderful estates by their trade thither, London, 1665: James Horton, JlIedtcal Topography of the IVcst Coast of Africa, London, 1859, Physical and Medical Climate, , London, 1867, and Letters on the Political Condition of the Gold Coast, London, 1870; Otto Finsch, “Die Goldkiistc und ihre Bewohner in ihrcm hcutigcm Zustandc," in Zeitseh. filr allg. Erdkunde, Berlin, 1864; [Vanda-tugs in IV est Africa by a F. R. G. S. (7.6., Captain Burton), London, 1863; Marcus Allen, The Gold Coast, London, 1874 ; Charles A. Gordon, Life on the Gold Coast, London, 1874 ; Captain Croft, “ Exploration of the River Volta," in Proc. Roy. Geog. Soc, Lond., 1874; P. Wurm, “Anfange der Basler Mission auf dcr Goldkiistc,” in Evangelisches filtsstons-Jlagazin, 1874; E. Bulil, “Die Basler Mission auf dcr Goldkilstc,” 11nd, 1877. The following maps are of scrviccz—J. \Vyld, Jlfap of
- ‘rz'lz’sh Possessions on the Gold Coast, London, 1873 ; Die Goldkitste
nach den Arbeiten der Alissionare A. Riis, &c., Basel and Stuttgart, 1873 ; and E. Stanford, Map of the Gold Coast, 820., 1873.
GOLDEN BULL (Latin, Bulla Aurea) is, in general, the designation of any charter decorated with a golden seal or bulla, either from the intrinsic importance of its contents, or from the rank and dignity of the bestower or the recipi- ent. The custom of thus giving distinction to certain docu- ments is said to be of Byzantine origin, though if this be the case it is somewhat strange that the word employed as an equivalent for golden bull in Byzantine Greek should be the hybrid vacrdBovlton (qf. Codinus Curopalates, 6 né-yas key/006,717; StaTdTTfl. n1 nape. To?) Bounlte’w; droo‘reltltdpeva rpoa'roi'ypa-ra Kai, vao'ofiovlklta 7rpd§ 1'6 ‘Pfiyus, Eonlk-ravas, Kai Tomipxovc; and Anna Comnena, Alex-tad, lib. iii., 8L6. vacroBovltL’ov A6701); lib. viii., vao'dfiovltov ltd-yov). In Germany a Golden Bull is mentioned under the reign of Henry I. in Chroniea Cassia, ii. 31, and the oldest German example, if it be genuine, dates from 983. At first the golden seal was formed after the type of a solid coin, but at a later date, while the golden surface presented to the eye was greatly increased, the seal was really com— posed of two thin metal plates filled in with wax. The number of golden bulls issued by the imperial chancery must have been very large; the town of Frankfort, for example, still preserves no fewer than eight. But the name has become practically restricted to a few documents of un- usual political importance, the golden bull of the Empire, the golden hull of Brabant, the golden bull of Hungary, and the golden hull of Milan—and of these the first is un- doubtedly the 0‘oldcn bull par excellence.
It was drawn up under the direction of the emperor Charles IV., and it was formally ratified in 1356,—the first twenty-three chapters by the diet of Nuremberg (10th January), and the remaining seven by the diet of Metz (25th December). The actual redaction has been assigned to Bartolus de Saxoferrato, to Rudolf of Friedberg the im- perial secretary, and even to the emperor himself; but there is no distinct authority for any of the three hypotheses as opposed to the others. A brief statement of the general purpose of its enactments has already been given at page 495 of the present volume. The exordium is a strangely rhetorical lamentation over the miseries of division, and more especially of a kingdom divided against itself ; and the body of the document gives a survey of the duties, privileges, and relations of the various dignitaries of the empire, the emperor, the electors ecclesiastical and secular, the electoral plenipotentiaries, and the officers of the court. As might almost be expected, a large place is given to rules of ceremony and etiquette. At first the document was known simply as the Lex Carolina ; but by and by the name of the Book with the Golden Bull came into use, and the present elliptical title was sufficiently established by 1417 to be officially employed in a charter by King Sigismund. The original autograph was committed to the care of the electoral prince of Mainz, as chancellor-in-chief of the empire, and it was preserved in the imperial archives at Mainz till 1789. Official transcripts were probany furnished to each of the seven electors at the time of the promulgation, and before long many of the other members of the empire secured copies for themselves. The transcript which belonged to the elector of Treves is preserved in the state archives at Stuttgart, that of the elector of Cologne in the court library at Darmstadt, and that of the elector of Bohemia in the imperial archives at Vienna. Berlin, Munich, and Dresden also boast the possession of an electoral transcript; and the town of Kitzingen has a con- temporary copy in its municipal archives. There appears, however, to be good reason to doubt the genuineness of most of these so-called original transcripts. But perhaps the best known example is that of Frankfort-on-the-Main, which was procured from the imperial chancery in 1366, and is adorned with a golden seal like the original. Not only was it regularly quoted as the indubitable authority in regard to the election of the emperors in Frankfort itself, but it was from time to time officially consulted by members of the empire.
The manuscript consists of 43 leaves of parchment of medium quality, each measuring about 105‘; inches in height by 7,1, in breadth. The seal is of the plate and wax type. On the obverse appears a figure of the emperor seated on his throne, with the sccptre in his right hand and the globe in his left; a shield, with the crowned imperial eagle, occupies the space on the one side of the throne, and a corresponding shield, with the crowned Bohemian lion with two tails, occupies the space on the other side; and round the margin runs the legend, Karolus quartus dz’eina farente dementia, Roman- orum imperator semper Augustus et Boemicr rem. On the reverse is a castle, with the words Aurea Roma on the gate, and the circum- scription reads, Iloma capnt JIIundi Itegz't orbisfrena rotundi. The original Latin text of the hull was printed at Nuremberg by Creussncr in 1474, and a second edition by Kobergcn appeared at the same place in 1477. Since that time it has been frequently reprinted from various manuscripts and collections. Goldastus gave the Palatine text, compared with those of Bohemia and F rank- fort, in his C'ollectio Constitutionum Iilzpel'z'altum, tom. i. Another is to be found in Onuphrius Panvinius, De Comitiis Imperiz', and as an appendix to Cujacius, De feudis; and a third, of unknown history, is prefixed to the Codex Recessuum Imperii, printed at Mainz in 1599, and again in 1615. The Frankfort text appeared in 1742—An’rea Bulla sccundnm exemplar originate Franltfurtense —from the pen of “'olf'gang Ch. Multz. German translations, none of which, however, had any official authority, were published at Nuremberg, 1474(?); at Venice, Johannus Jcnson, 1476; and at Strasburg, Joh. Preussen, 1485. Among the earlier commentators— of the document are Buxtorf, Doniinicus Aruma-us, Martinus tumelius, H. Caninius, G. T. Dietrich, Ostcrmann, Speidelius, and Limnzcus (In Aural-m bullam, Strasburg, 1662). The student will find a good account of the older literature of the subject in Bicner, Commentarti (le ortgz’ne et progressu legum German-i- carum, 1787 (vol. ii.); and, besides the important work of Ohlen- sehlager, Neue Erla'ute’rungen der Guide/(er Bulla, Frankfort and Lcipsic, 1766, he may consult H. G. Thulemarius, De bulla aurea argenlea, &c., Heidelberg, 1682 (which gives the Frankfort text of the hull of Charles IV., a golden hull of Andronicus of Constanti- noplc, the Bulla Brabantina, and the capitulation of Maximilian IL); Piittcrs, .S'taatsrerfassung des dentsclmz Retails, Gottingen, 1788; Pfister, Gesehichte der Deulsehcn, Hamburg, 1831 (vol. iii); and Stobbe, Geseh. der Dentsehen Rechtsgucllen, Brunswick, 1860. A learned article on “ Goldenc Bulle," by H. Brandes, will be found in Ersch and Grubcr's Eneycloptidie, 1861.
parts of Britain to two very distinct species of Ducks, from the rich yellow colour of their irides. The commonest of them—the Anasfulz'g-ula of Linnaeus and Fultgula cristata of most modern ornithologists—is, however, usually called by English writers the Tufted Duck, while “ Golden-eye” is reserved in books for the A. elangula and A. glanez'on of Linnaeus, who did not know that the birds he so named were but examples of the same species, differing only in age or sex ; and to this day many fowlers perpetuate a like mistake, deeming the “ Morillon,” which is the female or young male, distinct from the “ Golden-eye ” or “Rattle- wings ” (as from its noisy flight they oftener call it), which is the adult male. This species belongs to the group known as Diving Ducks, and is the type of the very well-marked genus ('lang-ula of later systematists, which, among other
differences, has the posterior end of the sternum prolonged