Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 10.djvu/715

dral may be succinctly described as “ a .'_'orman carcase," altered by additions in every style of Gothic architecture. It is 420 feet long, and 144 broad, with a beautiful central tower rising to the height of 225 feet, and topped by four graceful pinnacles. The nave is massive Norman with Early English roof ; the crypt also, under the choir, aisles, and chapels, is Norman, as is also the chapter house. The south porch is Perpendicular, with fan-tracery roof, as also is the north transept, the south being transitional Decorated. The choir has Perpendicular tracery and an apsidai chapel on each side, and the triforium carried under the east win- dow in a curve, so as to form a whispering gallery, is very noteworthy. Between the apsidal chapels is a cross lady- chapel, and north of the nave are the cloisters with very early example of fan-tracery, the carols or stalls for the monks’ study and writing lying to the south. The beautiful tower is 15th century work. For several years an extensive process of restoration has been in progress. The finest monument is the canopied shrine of Edward II., who was brought hither from Berkeley. By the visits of pilgrims to this the building and sanctuary were enriched. In a side-chapel, too, is a monument in coloured bog oak of Robert Curthose, a great benefactor to the abbey, the eldest son of the Conqueror, who was interred there; and those of Bishop Warburton and Dr Edward Jenner are also worthy of special mention. One of the oldest houses in the city is the “ New Inn in the N orthgate Street,” a strong and massive timbered house with external galleries and court yards, built in 1450 for the pilgrims to Edward II.’s shrine, by Abbot Sebroke, a traditional subterranean passage leading thence to the cathedral. The timber is

principally chestnut.

Plan of Gloucester.

. St .I u'l:‘s Church. . Ruins of St Oswal-_l's . St .'icholas Church. 1-}. St Michael's Church. . FranciscanMonastery I ]-5. Post-Ofilcc. IL’-‘ -in Priory. (ruins). 16. Corn Exchange. 3. St Bartholomew IIos- 8. County Hall. 17. Meat and Vegetable pital. 9. Theatre. Market. 1. St .Iary dc Lode and 10. St John's Church. . . St Mary dc Crypt. llooper‘s .[onument. 11. Wesleyan Chapel. . County Gaol. 0.1 United Hospitals. Blue Coat School. Custom House. . St Luke's Church. lflfi/F-‘D-I p--C‘-JUJ . Dominican Monastery 12?. I (ruins). 13. '

Gloucester is situated on a gentle eminence overlooking the Severn, and sheltered by the Cot-eswolds on the east, while the Malverns rise prominently to the west. The Tolsey or town-hall stands at the cross, the point of intersection of the four principal streets, in each of which are various quaintly gabled and timbered houses, helping to preserve the ancient aspect of the city. The most modern quarter of it is in and south of the region of the spa, where a chalybeate spring was discovered in 1814. The principal pul’-lic buildings are the shire hall, the town hall or Tolsey (occupy. ing the site of the ancient Roman capitol), the county gaol and penitientiary, the East-gate market, the corn market. the intirmary, the lunatic asylum, and the hospital erected in 1861 in place of the four old almshouses. There are 14- churches and several dissenting chapels, and it may have been the olden proverb, “ as sure as God’s in Gloucester,” which provoked Oliver Cromwell to declare that the city had “more churches than godliness.” Of the churches four are of special interest : St Mary de Lode, with a very old chancel, and a monument of Bishop Hooper; St Mary de Crypt, a cruciform structure of the 12th century, with a beautiful and lofty tower; the church of St Michael, said to have been connected with the ancient abbey of St Peter, and from whose tower the curfew bell is still rung every evening; and St Nicholas church, originally of Norman erection, and possessing a tower and other portions of later date. A new episcopal palace was erected in 1862. There are three endowed schools : the College school, re-founded by Henry VIII., as part of the cathedral estab- lishment; the Crypt school, founded by Dame J oan Cooke in the same reign ; and Sir Thomas Rich’s Blue Coat Hospital for 34 boys (1666). The first Sunday school was held in Gloucester, being originated by Robert Raikes. Gloucester has returned two members to parliament since the 23d year of Edward I. The city was chartered by Richard III., and is now governed by a mayor, nine alder- men, and twenty-seven burgesses. Its ancient industries were iron-founding, cloth-making, pin-making, and bell- founding, but the last two have been for some time discon- tinued. It now possesses match works, foundries, marble and slate works, saw-mills, chemical works, rope works, flour- mills, manufactories of railway waggons, engines, and agri- cultural implements, and boat and ship-building yards. In 1877 the number of British ships that entered the port was 3762, with a tonnage of 272,391, and of foreign ships 549, with a tonnage of 167,200 ; the number of British ships that cleared was 3992, with a tonnage of 278,773, and of foreign ships 488, with a tonnage of 144,581. The principal imports are timber, corn, wine, and spirits, and the principal exports iron, coals, malt, salt, bricks, and pottery. The town is celebrated for its Severn salmon and lampreys. Near the canals and docks are the remains (a gateway and so1ne walls) of Llanthony Priory, a cell of the mother abbey in the vale of Ewyas, Monmouthshire, which in the reign of Edward IV. had become the secondary establishment. The famous bore of the Severn attains its great height just below Gloucester. The area of the municipal borough is 415 acres, and of the parlia- mentary borough 1606 acres. The population of the municipal and parliamentary borough in 1861 was 16,512 ; that of the municipal borough in 1871 was 18,330, and of the parliamentary borough (extended since 1861) 31,804. The municipal and parliamentary boroughs now coincide.

See Handbook to the Cutlwrlrals of England, IVcstcrn Div1'sion, 1864; General ArcIu'tcctm'al Description of the C'atIreclral Clmrch at Gloucester, zcith Plans and Skctclws, by Frederick S. 'aller, F.R.I.B.A.,_ 1856.

(j. da.)

GLOUCESTER, a city and port of entry of Essex

county, Massachusetts, United States, is beautifully situated near the southern extremity of the peninsula of Cape Ann, 30 miles N.N.E. of Boston by rail. It includes six villages—Gloucester village, East Gloucester, West Gloucester, Annisquam, Bay View, and Lanesville. The harbour, open- ing out into Massachusetts bay, is one of the best on the coast, and is defended by a fort. The prosperity of Gloucester depends mainly on its cod and mackerel fisheries, which employ nearly -100 vessels, with upwards of 3500 men, and have an annual value of about 4,000,000 dollars.

Fer the year ending June 30, 1878, the. total value of im-