682 other in the imperial court library at Vienna, discovered in 1875. These globes are about 2 feet high, and when first mounted on stands with all their accessories of meri- dians, horizons, &c., must have presented a noble appear- ance. They are only known to us by facsimiles of gores reproduced from the originals in their natural size, pub- lished at Brussels in 1875, with an introduction to their history by Dr J. Van Raemdonck. A comparison of the terrestrial globe with all those that preceded it shows it to be a monument at once of learning and of science, worthy of the greatest scientific geographer of his age.‘ The authors used by Mercator in his configurations of the continents of the Old World were chiefly Ptolemy and Marco Polo. For representing the New World he evidently acquainted himself with the narratives of all the most recent voyages, maps, and charts that were to be had in his time. These were used with the greatest possible skill and discrimination; and in consequence we have the best delineation of the world on a globe that it was possible to produce at the period. In Mercator’s time the imperfect knowledge of pilots in general, and the defects of their charts in plano, made terrestrial globes much more useful to navigators than we can well realize to—day. Convinced of their importance Mercator neglected nothing in order to adapt them to the use of seamen ; he therefore added to his globes the thumbs hitherto found only on plain charts. He added yet another improvement, delineating about thirty leading stars of the principal constellations according to their magnitudes and their positions in the heavens. Theseimportant improve- ments appear to be quite peculiar to the globes of Mercator. An examination of the celestial globe of 1551 also reveals many improvements introduced by Mercator in his deline- ation of the heavens. Vithout counting a great number of stars as yet unresolved into symbolical groups, Mercator gives us 934 fixed stars, distributed in 51 constellations. Two of the latter are entirely new, and are not met with on later celestial globes. These are Antinous, formed of six stars on the equator below the Eagle, and Cineinnus, or the Lock of Hair, formed of one star and two nebulze in the north hemisphere, under the tail of the Great Bear.‘-’ Tire Globe of I2'up/zros_z/nus Ulpius of 1542.—This globe, apparently made in Rome, is now preserved in the museum of the New York Hist. Soc. It is 15} inches in diameter, made of copper, and is divided into two hemispheres on the line of the equator, and fastened together with iron pins. The normal position of the globe in its stand being vertical, the north pole with its hour-circle is surmounted by an iron cross. It is encompassed by ahorizon, upon which are engraved the signs of the zodiac. The height of the whole apparatus, with its stand of oak, is 3 feet 8 inches. It was executed by Euphrosynus Ulpius, a name unknown to geographers, and is dedicated to Cardinal Marcellus Cervinus, D.D., who, thirteen years later, was elevated to the Roman see, under the title of Marcellus II., and survived his election only twenty-two days. The first meridian line passes through the Canaries; the re- maining ones are repeated at intervals of 30 degrees. Great prominence is given to the line of demarcation between Spain and Portugal in the New Vorld, laid down by Pope Alexander VI. The geographical features peculiar to this globe are two, evidently copied from the Verra- zano map of l529,—the legend found upon it recording the voyage made by Verrazano on behalf of Francis I. in 1524, and the rude line drawn south-east from about 57° to 36° N. lat. The latter, common to both map and globe, gave 1 According to Dr F. Wieser, a third example of it is preserved at Veimar. 2 A pair of Mercator’s globes reproduced in facsimile, natural size, were conspicuous features in the Belgian section of the exhibition con- nected with the geographical eongre.-.- held in Paris in 1973. GLOBE ' rise to the curious conception of the “Mare Verrazano,”
- the origin of which has exercised the minds of geographers
from Hakluyt down to our day.3 In the South liensington Museum is a celestial globe 71,- inches in diameter, made of gilt metal (it is supposed for Rudolph IL), by G. Roll and J. Reinhold at Augsburg, dated 1584. .l[ollz'neu.r Globes of 1592:-—The true successorof Mercator in the art of globe-making was neither J . F. Van Langren, J odocus Hondius, nor W. J . Blacu, as has been supposed, but an Englishman named Emerie .lollineux, the friend of Haklnyt, and of John Davis of Arctic fame. The earliest notice" we have of the terrestrial globe made by him is the prospective one of its intended publication, to be found at the end of the preface to the 1st edition of ll-akluyts 1'03/u_(/es of 1589. The “ eomming out of the very large and most exact terrestrial] globe ” of M ollincux there referred to, with its companion celestial one, was accomplished in 1592. At the same time appeared a manual in English for their use, by Thomas Hood of Trinity College, (,‘ambridge ; and in 1594 appeared another manual, written expressly for them in Latin byltebert Hues, entitled T raclatus dc (:'/o/12".: cl eorum ?(Sl(. Two years afterwards this latter was trans- lated by J. I-Iondius, and published in Amsterdam, giving rise to the notion, apparently still prevalent in Holland, that Hues wrote this book expressly for Hondins,—a biblio- graphical blunder involving injustice to the memory of M ollineux. The only examples of these once famous globes known to exist are now preserved in the library of the .Iidd1e 'l.‘e1nple, London. They are both 2‘ feet in diameter, mounted on stands, with the usual accessories of horizon, meridian, &c. The celestial globe still bears the date of 1592, but the terrestrial appears to have received 3Cl(llllUll.', and the date has been altered by the pen to 1603. The best description of these two globes is a contemporary one to be found in Blundeville’s E.rercz.'ses, London, 1594, which enables us to realize the difference between these globes and Mercator’s :— “The mappe which covereth Mr Molineux his tcrrc.-.triall globe dif- fcreth greatly from Mercator his ta-rrestriall globe, by reason that there are found out divers new places, as well towards the North Pole as in the East and 'est Indies, which were unknowne to Mer- eator. They differ also gleatly in names, longitudcs, latitudes, and distances of such places set down not only in llercator's globe but also in (livers maps more lately made. As touching the map of the stars which eovcreth the celcstiall globe of Mr Molina-ux, 1 do not. find it greatly to differ from that of Mercator, saving that Mr Molineux hath added to his celcstiall globe certain southern images, as the Crosse, &c. In the great terrestriall globe the 'o_va_-_;e,:1s well of Sir F. Drake as of Mr Th. Candish, is set down and .SlltC(l by help of two lines, the one red, and the other blew, 'l1(‘1'('0f the red line doth show what course Sir Francis observed in all his voyage, as well outward as homcward ; and the bh-' line showcth in like manner the voyage of Master (‘andi.~:h, and in that globe is also set down hov farre Sir Martin Furbisher discovered towards the north. parts. Nothing is set down in this globe but onlythe outermost end of his voyage, named For-bisher’s Straights, having in N. lat. about 63 dc-grecs.”* From a later inscription 011 the terrestrial globe we learn that it was still further repaired in 1818 by Messrs J . & W. Newton, globe makers, of Chancery Lane. These globes are of special interest as the first of the kind made in England and by an Englishman. In the same year J . Van Langren, and J odocus Ilondius five years later (1597), put upon record their intention of bringing out pairs of globes; but no globes of their 3 The history of this curious geographical puzzle will shortly be dealt with by Mr Ilenry Stevens, to whom we are indebted for much infor- mation respecting this globe. A projection of a portion of it is to be seen in the May. of American Ilistory, vol. iii. p. 17, Jan. 1879. ‘This last remark does not appear to be quite accurate, as John Davis says :—“ How far I proceeded doth appear upon the globe made by Master Emery Mullineux ” (IIy¢lro_r;rIIpIu'cal I)escr1'ptz'mz,
London, 1595).