Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 10.djvu/702

limits of Russia. He also composed numerous songs and romances. In 1857 he went abroad for the third time, and

died suddenly at Berlin, on February 14th of that year.

GLINKA, Sergy Nikolaevich (1774–1847), Russian author, the elder brother of Fedor N. Glinka (noticed above), was born at Smolensk in 1774. In 1796 he entered the Russian army, but after three years’ service retired with the rank of major. He afterwards employed himself in the elucation of youth and in literary pursuits, first in the Ukraine, and subsequently at Moscow, where he died in 1847. His poems are spirited and patriotic ; he wrote also several dramatic pieces, and translated Young’s .l'iyht Thoughts.

Amona his numerous prose works the most important from an historicaI point of view are—Russh'oc Cir/mic (Russian Reading: Historical .llcmorials of Russia in the 18th. and 19th Centuries), 2 vols., 1845; Istariya Ilossii, (cc. (History qf Russia for the use (y' Youth), 10 vols, 1817—19 (‘2d ed. 1822; 3d ed. 18:24); Istoriya Armyan, tee. (History of the .lligratiou of the Armenians of A:crb1janfrom Turkey to Russia), 1831 ; and his contributions to the Russky V yestlzik (Russian .‘llcssengcr), a monthly periodical, edited by him from 1808 to 1820.

GLOBE. With the exception of illuminated portolani, the most interesting monuments of geography are globes. Celestial globes are much more ancient than terrestrial ones. The earliest of these with which we are acquainted is one made of copper engraved in the Arab-Cutie character of the 11th century. It is preserved in the Bibliotheque Nationale de Paris, Sect. GéOg., No. 396 (see fig. 1). In Italy the emperor Frederick II. (1197–1250) possessed a celestial globe of gold, probably also of Arab manufacture, on which the stars were indicated by pearls ; from the scanty information that has come down to us respecting it we should imagine that it partook somewhat of the nature of an armillary sphere, as representations of the planets were to be seen in the interior of it. To these succeed a series of globes ranging from the 15th to the 17th century.

Flo. 1.—Globe in Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris.

One might suppose that many specimens of these globes would exist in public libraries, but diligent research has shown that the majority of those not made of metal are more perishable than maps, and much more so than books. The earliest terrestrial globe of any importance known to geographers is the well known one of Martin Behaim of Nuremberg, bearing the date of 1492. It is about 21 inches in diameter, and is made of pasteboard covered with parchment, on which are designed historical pictures with their legends written in Old German in various colours. ‘The first meridian passes through Madeira, and the only other lines on it are those of the equator, tho. two tropics, and the polar circles. It has also a meridian of iron and an horizon of brass, but these were not added until 1500, which date they bear. As a monument of geography it is of the highest importance, being the only original document that has come down to us in this form embodying the geographical views of its author with those of his gifted contemporaries, Toscanclli, Columbus, the. This globe represents with Some slight modifications mos-t of the disproportions of the Ptolcmaic geography, into which is incorporated information evidently derived from the travels of Marco Polo and Sir J. Maundevillc. It was executed by Behaim, assisted by I’loltzschuer, while on a visit to his native city (1491–3), after a sojourn of five years at the Azores. It is still preserved in the house of his ancestors at Nuremberg. An exact and authenticated facsimile of it, mounted on a stand, is preserved in the Bib. Nat. de Paris, Section Géographiquc, No. 393.^[1]

The Laon globe of 1493, in the possession of M. Leonce Leroux of the Administration Ccntrale de la. Marine :1 Paris, is made of red Copper engraved, about the size of a 36-poundcr cannon ball, and pierced by a socket which at a former period held an axis. It has all the appearance of having formed part of the apparatus of an astronomical clock. On the globe are engraved many cir- cles. The first meridian, as in the globe of Echaim, passes through Madeira. In the northern hemisphere meridian lines are drawn at every 15th degree; these meridians are again crossed by certain parallels of latitude Corresponding somewhat to the seven climates usually found on maps of the period. Neither meridians nor parallels are to lo traced on the Southern hemisphere. Although this glol e bears a legend upon it dated 1493, it is evident that the general geographical information rccordcd upon it is earlier than that on Behaim’s globe by five or six years. In all probability it was that current in Lisbon between the voyage of Diego Cam to the Zaire or Congo river, 1484–5, and that of Bartholomeu Diaz to the Cape of Good Hope in 1487. The author is unknown. A heart-shaped projec- tion of this globe was published in the Bulletin tie [a Sm: (le G'éog. de Paris, 4me série, tom. 20te, 1860.

In all probability the earliest post-Columbian globe extant is the one now preserved in the Lenox Library, New York. It was found in Paris some twenty-five years ago by Mr llichard M. Hunt, who, upon learning its valuc,prescnted it to the Lenox Library, of which he is the architect. This globe is of copper, about 4% inches in diameter and engraved. It is pierced for an axis, and probably, like the Laon sphere, formed the principal feature of an astronomical clock or armillary sphere. The date assigned to the Lenox globe by Mr Henry Stevens, who first recognized its importance, and had an accurately drawn projection made of it in the Coast Survey Bureau at Washington in 1869, is about 1506–7. A comparison of that projection, now published in reduced facsimile for the first time (see fig. :2), with several contemporary maps and globes, serves to show the accuracy of the date assigned to it, as also to suggest its French origin. The author is unknown.

 

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1. For other reproductions of it see J. C. Doppelmayr, Historisrhe Nachricht ton (In; .\'u.rnbciyischcn .Illathmwticis uml Kiinstlern, Nuremberg, 1730 : Dr F. \V. (lliillany, Gcschichtc des Secflthrcrs Rittrr Alartin Behm'm, Nuremberg, 1853; and Jomard, Monmnents (le la G'éog‘raphic, Paris, 1854.