in possession of the remains of St Dunstan, which had been abstracted from Canterbury after the Danish sack of 1011 and kept in concealment ever since. The Canterbury monks naturally denied the assertion, and the contest continued for centuries. In 1508 Warham and Goldston having examined the Canterbury shrine reported that it contained all the principal bones of the saint, but the abbot of Glastonbury in reply as stoutly maintained that this was impossible. The day of such disputes was, however, drawing to a close. On 1539 the last and 60th abbot of Glastonbury, Robert Wliyting, was, in the words of a contemporary lettter (MS. Cotton, Cleop. E. , iv. fol. 996), “ arraigned, and next day put to execution for robbing of Glastonbury church.” His body was quartered, and his head fixed on the abbey gate. A darker passage does not occur in the annals of our English Reformation than this murder of an able and high-spirited man, whose worst offence was that he defended as best he could from the hand of the spoiler the property of his charge.
The ruins of the abbey are now comparatively few, and as the work of destruction has in many places descended to the very foundations it is impossible to make out the details of the plan. Of the vast range of buildings for the acconnnodation of the monks almost nothing remains except the abbot’s kitchen, noteworthy for its octagonal interior, the porter’s lodge, and the abbey barn. Consider- able portions are still standing of the so-called chapel of St Joseph at the west end, which Mr \Villis has identified with the lady chapel, occupying the site of the old wicker church. This chapel, which is the finest part of the ruins, is transition work of the 12th century. It measures about 66 feet from east to west and about 36 from north to south. Below the chapel is a crypt which Professor Willis shows to be a construction of the 15th century inserted in a building which had no previous crypt. Between the chapel and the great church is an Early English building which appears to have served as 3. Galileo porch. The great church itself was a cruciform structure with a choir, a nave, and transepts, and a tower surniounting the centre of intersection. From east to west the length was 410 feet, and the breadth of the nave was about 80 feet. The nave had ten scveries, and the choir six. Of the nave three bays of the south side are still standing, and the windows have pointed arches externally and semi- circular arches internally. Two of the tower piers and a part of one arch give some indication of the grandeur of the building. The old elock, presented to the abbey by Adam de Godbury (1322–1335), and noteworthy as the first recorded example of a clock striking the hours automatically with a count-wheel, is still preserved, although not in its entirety, in the cathedral at \Vclls.
The Glastonbury thorn, planted, according to the legend, by Joseph of Arimatliea, has been the object of considerable comment. According to London (Arboretum ct FI'iLb‘iCdtiMfl) it was probably Cratcegus prwcox, and he reports that he received from Glastonbury in December 1833 a thorn branch in full blossom, having also on it ripe fruit. The actual thorn visrted by the pilgrims was destroyed about the Reformation time, but specimens of the same variety are still extant in various parts of the country.
See William of llalmesbury, “ Dc Antiq. Glastonicnsis Ecclesitc," in Rcrum Anytz'carum Script. Vet, tom. i., 1684 (also printed by Hearne and Mignc): John of Glastonbury, Chronica sire dc Hist. de [i'ebus (flush, ed. by llearne, Oxford, 1726, '2 vols; Ad-ini of Domerham, Dc Helms Gcstis Glast, ed. by Hearne, Oxford, 1727, ‘2 vols; llz'st. and Antiq. of (flash, London, 1807; Aralom‘an Guide to the Town of Glastonbury, 18:19, 8th ed.; Warner, 111‘s]. of the Abbey and Town, Bath, 1826,- Rev. F. Warrc, “ Glastonbury Abbey," in Proc. of Ronzersetshirc Arelueol. and Nat. Hist. SOIL, 1849; Rev. F. Warrc. “ Notice of Ruins of Glastonbury Abbey," ibid., 1859; Rev. W. A. Jones, “0n the Ilcputed Discovery of King Arthur‘s Remains at Glastonbury," Md, 1859; Rev. J. R. Green. “Dunstan at- (ilastonbnryf‘ and " Giso and Savarie," ibid., 1863; Rev. Canon J uekson, “ Savurie. Bishop of Bath and Glastonbury," ibtd.. 1862, 1863; E. A. Freeman, “King Inc," ibid., 187:? and 1874; Dr \V'. Beuttie. in Jam-n. of Brit. Archwol. Ass. vol. xii., 1856; Rev. R. Willis. Architectural History of Glastonbury Abbey, 1560'. Views and plans of the abbey building will be found, says Mr Willis. in Dugdale‘s Monasticou, 1655; Stevens’s filonasticon, 1720; Stukelcy, Itinerarium. Curiosum, 17:24; Grose, Antiquities, 1754; Carter, Ancient Architecture, 1800; Storer, Antiq. amt Topogr. Cabinet. vols. ii.. iv., v., 1807, &c.; Britton‘s Architectural -lntiqnitics, vol. iv., 1813; l'elusta Monumenta, vol. iv., 1815; and New Monas- ticon, vol. i., 1817
GLATZ (Slav. Kiwis/lo), a fortified towu of Prussian Silesia, chief town of a countship in the government- dis- trict of Breslau, is situated 50 miles S.S.\V. of the town of that name. It stands in a narrow valley on the left bank of the Neisse, not far from the Austrian frontier. ~It is strongly walled, and is further defended by an old castle built on ahigh hill on one side of the town, and by a regular modern fortress erected on a hill on the opposite side. Before the town on both banks of the river there is also a strongly fortified camp, by which its bombardment from the neighbouring heights may be hindered, and which affords accommodation for as many as 10,000 men. The town is the seat of a circle court and of an agricultural union, and possesses one Lutheran and three Catholic churches, one of which is very old and contains several monuments of Silesian dukes. Among the otherrbnildings the principal are the nunncry, the royal Catholic gymnasium, the asylum for destitute children, and the military hospital. The in— dustries include the manufacture of spirits, linen, damask, broad cloth, hosiery, beads, and leather. Gla'tz existed as early as the 11th century. In the Thirty Years’ War it was several times besieged and taken. It surrendered to Frederick the Great in 1742, was retakcn by the Austrians in 1760, and was restored to Prussia at the peace of 1763. The population in 1875 was 12,553.
GLAUBER, Johann Rudolph (1603–1668), alchemist and medicinal chemist, was born at Carlstadt in 1603, and died at Amsterdam in 1668. There is no authentic record of details Concerning his life; his name has been somewhat marred by tradition, but it is not unreasonable to suppose that this originated Willi persons who did not heed the varning given by the chemist himself, in one of his more important memoirs, “let no one rasth judge of this work, until he be thoroughly informed concerning the same.” Commencing his career as a chemist at the time he did, it was not unnatural that he imbibed the notion, prevalent among his contemporaries, of the existence of “ alkaheat,” a liquid which was to be universal in its uses as asolvent and a medicine, and of the “ philosophcr’s stone.” But whatever the motive which induced him to toil in his laboratory, it is certain that he, by ascertaining the preparation of many valuable medicines, contributed largely to pharmacy. He undoubtedly was the first, in 1618, to procure hydrochloric acid by the action of oil of vitriol on common salt, and also in all probability to obtain nitric acid by means of oil of vitriol and nitre. Sodium sulphate, discovered by him, and commonly therefore termed Glaubcr’s salt (see below), he obtained by the action of oil of vitriol on salt.
His treatises, about thirty in number, were published at Frankfort in 2 vols. 4to, in 1658—1659 ; at Amsterdam, in'1661, in 7 vols. 8vo ; and at London, translated into English by Parke, in 1689, 1 vol.folio.
phate of sodium (Na2804), discovered by the chemist whose name it bears, and formerly known as “ sal mirabile Glauberi.” It occurs in nature in combination with calcium sulphate as the mineral glauberite, and uncombined in right rliombic prisms, as thenardite, being found in this form in Bolivia and Peru, and near Madrid ; or in monoclinic prisms, with ten molecules of water as glaubei‘ite or ordinary Glauber’s salt, in Austria, Hungary, Italy, and in great quantity as a deposit from the hot springs of Carlsbad. .It is also a constituent of sea—water, and the chief active prin- ciple of medicinal waters, and occurs in minute traces in the blood. It has a bitter but not acrid taste. It is somewhat anomalous in its solubility, the maximum occurring at about 34° 0. According to Lowe], it exists in aqueous solution at temperatures as high as 34° C. as a decahydrate, but above that temperature as an anhydride, the solubility of the former increasing, and of the latter decreasing, with a a rise of temperature (see Chemistry, vol. v. p. 505). Under ordinary circumstances it crystallizes from solution in large colourless prisms ; these, when exposed to the air or heated, eflloresce, giving a white powder, which melts at a strong red heat, and on cooling forms a transparent mass. The salt has also been the subject of some interesting ex- periments made by Guthrie, who at- — 7° C'. procured it in combination with 166 molecules of water. From his investigation of this and other substances, he concluded that the solution of a solid body consists in the formation of a liquid hydrate which ultimately diffuses iiito the rest of the solvent. In the manufacture of sodium carbonate from salt and sulphuric acid, this sulphate is prepared in
large quantities. In medicine it is employed as a purgative.