(314 year Marsden was independently led to a like discovery. The conclusion that the Gipsies wandered forth from .India is now almost universally accepted, but when, or from what part of India, are questions on which few have done more than idly speculate. Whether Roniani is derived from Hindi, Marathi, &c., can only be deter- mined by minute iiivestig-.itions, which, long neglected, are now being carried on by various Orientalists. They have at least established that Roniani stands in the relation of a sister, not a daughter, to the seven principal New Indian dialects. Its forms are often more primitive than theirs, sometimes than those of P-ali or the Prakrits, e.{/., rzsl, “hand” (Sanskrit Izasla, ’ali lzattlza), I.-aslzt, “wood” (Sanskrit K-(is/zflm, Pali K'attIza),2mslzt, “lip” (Sanskrit os/zflza, 1’-ali ottlm), trash, “fear” (Sanskrit trdsa, Pali tas), tria, “ three" (Sanskrit tri,tri2_u7; Pali ti, rim), and pm], “brother” (Sanskrit b/zrcitd, Pali bluita). And while the archaisnis of Romani forbid us to derive it from Hindi or Marathi, some of its seemingly modern forms are the result of independent development. On the other hand, our kiiow- ledge of Romani itself, and of the niultitudiiious spoken -dialects of India, is not at present sufficient to warrant our proiiouiicing the former more primitive than any of them ; .aiid as a fact many of its arcliaisins may be paralleled in the languages of Dardistan and Kafiristan (cf. Miklosich, Bait;-dye, iv. 45-54). Thus there are difficulties on both sides in the way of adjudicating between the opinions of Ascoli and Miklosicli. The former maintains (Sag/_r/2' Imlirmi, vol. ii., 1875) that PtOl118.l1l, preserving certain consonantal 1ze.1-us which had almost entirely disappeared at the epoch of the most ancient Prakrit texts, approaches Sanskrit more nearly even than P-ali—conclusions, he observes, that harmonize well with Bataillard’s pre-liistoric theory. Hiklosieh, on the other hand, opposes that theory in ".Ieyer’s Ii'o1wcrsations—Lc.ril'on (3d ed. 1878), where he infers from the agreement_ of Romani in its phonetic laws and l system of case-endings with the modern Aryan languages of India that the emigration cannot have taken place till these were formed, z'.e., until after the Prakrit period. In Europe Miklosich distinguishes thirteen Itoniani dia- lects—the Greek or Turkish Ilouniani-an Hungarian I , I I, D I , .Ioravo—Bolieinian, German, Polo—Litliuaiiian, ‘tussian, I~‘innish, Scandinavian, Anglo-Scottish, Italian, Basque, and Spmish. T 0 these should be added, the Welsh, which, generally unintelligible to the English Gipsy. is one of the most perfect, as it has also been the least studied, of all the dialects. As a general rule, the further these dialects remove from Turkey, the more corrupt have they become, so that the Gipsies of Spain, of Scandinavia, and in great measure of Englantl, know no case or verb endings other than those of the lands of their adoption. From Turkish loniani, therefore, and Welsh the following examples will be drawn. The Turkish (marked T.) are taken from Paspati ; the Welsh (W.) are derived from letters and stories written by John Roberts, the oldest living harper, whose thorough knowledge of his language is probably unique. ‘ The definite article, wanting in Asia, is supplied in ever_v l'.uropea_n_dialect by the lreek 6 and 13-6 for the masculine, 1‘; for the feiiiiiiine and the oblique cases, c.g., V. I’olc/crlas ow bcarcngaro r vrwnr trmgcngcy, “ the sailor asked the other three,” L’ collcy 7'’_‘"-'7 I3. “ the Gipsy woman said.” The iinh-fiiiite article, in some dialects supplied by 7/ck, “ one,” is still omitted by the 'elsh and the “ deeper” English Gipsies, c.g., Yclcrzr porro _r/o2I_r/co ta porrry _vmiIg'_1/jivcncs u7z1l7'a borrow 1:cskr:stru , “ once (an) old man and (an) old woman were living in (a) great wood." {oinani has no trace of either a dual number or a neuter gender. Exccptiiig mono- syllables, most of its nouns terminate in -o (masc.) and -1.'(fein.), as rnklo, “ lad.” ra/I'll’, “ gir .” Masculine nouns ending in a eon- soiiaiit form their feiniiiiiies in -711’, as ram, “husband,” 9'07/L722’, " wife.” liianiiiiatc objects are inditl'ei'ently masculine or feiniiiine: tn) the forinr-r belonging _r/rlr, “towii,” and _r/ml, “sliirt;" to the latter 7101:, “ nose," and boil‘, “ lniiiger.” ].'nm, “a liu:~:.baiid," and Talc/1', “ a girl,” are thus declined in Turkisli Roniani :- GIPSIES SING. I‘i.i'n. Sine. PLUr.. Noni. lloin ltoni-ii. Noni. ltakli llakli-a Ace. lloin-es ltoiii-en .cc. ltakli--.i. ltakli-e'n Gen. lloni-éskoro ltoiii-(-iigoro Gen. ltakli-akoro ltakli-L’-iig..i'o llat. i. lloin-cste ltoin-ende l)at. i. llakli-ate Ilakli—('-iid.- l)at. ii. ltoin-eske ltoin-éiiglic l)at.ii. It-akli-zike llakli-L’-nglie liistr. R0111-tllsil ltoni-eiidja liistr. ltakli-asa ltakli_-C-iid_j:i Abl. loin-estar ltoni-cndar -bl. llakli-atar llakli-eiidni- Voc. loin-a loin-ale Voe. Itakli-e ltakl-ale Here the so-called gci1iti'c is in reality an adjective. It preeeih-s and agrees in gender with its noun, c._I/., T. c dcrr2'sésI.'cr1.' 771/.'Ii. “ the de1‘vish's daughter ;" '. so7icI.'m'cslco mar/(to, “ a golden box," and dalccy pm, “ inothcr's sister.” W'clsh Gipsies often use the dative where we should look for the genitive, as in Ta pogrrcl 3/ct-Ir r Iicrrcnday ow 'r0drcsta_2/, “ to break one of the legs of the lied." Dativcs and instruinentals are formed by sutlixing to fl(‘i'llS'tlll'('Q the separable post-positions to or kc, “ to,” and sar, “ with ;” and the -ta-r of the ablative (also occurring in lat-tar, “wlieiir-c,” lit. “ where from”) l‘ott (i. 188) compares with the Pali advcrhial ending -t0=S-ansk. tus=Lat. —i.'us in ccclitus. In most linroptan 1-loniani dialects considerable confusion has arisen in the use of the oblique cases, but Velsh Gipsies employ the following rightl_v ' enough: Sing. ace. te tliclccl ow k7'(Llli'scs, “to see the king;" - 7'oIrl.'rrrlus aw kralliscsa-, “he spoke with the king;” dat. iiiasc. to dickcl pcsko ji'vamasl.'a.y, “ to look for his living;" dat.. fcin. pandas c gougcac-I.'c_i/, “she said to the woiiiaii;” inst. voc. Jtia, “ Sir!”——Plur. ace. tn patscll c callca, “to believe the Gipsit-s;" dat. to kcrrav (CS undm chicliaw g‘7'(‘?l_f](’_I/, “ to make it into shoes for horses;” voe. U/i0z'oIla_i/, “ mates!” Nouns ending in -0 forin their plural in 'elsh, as in Turkish l-loniani, in accented -é, r._r/., c/mr(r_1/, “ children” (sing. cluiro), and cI1z'ri'l:Ia_1/, “birds ” (sing. cIu’r1'I.'Io); other nouns form it in -(‘L or -Ta, as chaz'a., “girls" (sing. r/mi), trma, “lands” (sing. tom), pong/a, “sisters” (sing. pen), &c. Hf adjectives it need only be rcinarked that, with rare exceptions, they end in -0 (iiiasc.) and -i (fcni.), and form the plural in -c’, c._r/., W. Jam tc Iccrra csa to 7'l'_r/crcii. [omen tatrry, “ I go to make clothes to keep you (pliir.) warm.” The termination of the eoinparative is -dcr, c._r/., '. porro, “old,” gioraclarc, “ oldcr;” and the want of a true superlative is frequently supplied, as in Freiich, by prcfixing the definite article to the eoinparative, c.g., IV. con. sec ozI‘110razl(u'r, “who is the eldest." Iloinani pronouns present an interesting study, since everywhere they have been better preserved than any other parts of speech. Turkish lomani gives me, “ l,” mam, " inc,” amén, “we,” &e., and lit, “thou,” tut, “ thee,” timién, “ye” (lit. thou-we), 8;e., all of which forms are eiiiployed by linglisli and VCl.‘ll Gipsies. llow strikiiigly indeed the Turkisli and Welsh dialects agree may be seen from the instances following these. paradigms, taken from Paspati, of or, “ he," 62', “ she," and NZ (Bohcinian ltoinani, jon) “ they”:— Noni. ov oi ol - Dat. ii. léske lake leiiglie Ace. les la len Instr. lésa laisa lendja Gen. leskoro lakoro leiigoro ‘ Abl. 1l:‘Stfl.1' hitar lC-ndar Dat. i. h’-ste ism: lénde I Now in IV:-lsli ROIIIRIIII we find: Si.'G. 1I.s('. iioiii. I’ciiJas Mr J 5 “ said he ;” gen. lcslco pickoo, “ his sliouldcr;” ace. corrlrzs [(25 720703], “ he called him back ;” dat. i. dcyas lcstay, “ he gave him ;” dat. ii. chotchy ow Jt’_1/c lcskay, “q1ioth the gentleman to him; inst. bilchcrdas raver 3/cc/.: lcssa, “ he sent another one with him :" Si.'(:. Fl-ZM. iioiii. 3/oi comclns lrs, “she loved him;’' gen. mirm lacluo ozogo rlrom, “in her own way;" ace. 3/ov comdas la, “he lovcd her ;" dat. i. aizcg/joiirlcs 3/or rlcomancy trostcl latay, “ whether he knew something about her;” dat. ii.jaIla, tr: clickcl lair-cg/, “he goes to look for hci-;” inst. commcsa to tcjus Iasa, “ wilt thou go with hcr:" I’LL'1‘.. noni. '_1/on j[’L'L')l(‘S, “ they were living;” gen. .°((lI'I clzara bitchcrana Zenr/n cmm bcn “all the cliildren send their love - " . _ J 7 _ in ace. conzmost0Icc_1/ to bichaz-cs Zcn, “ I should like you to send them ; dat. i. troscl lcmlay, “ about them ;” dat. ii. potclulus lcngri/, “ he asked them '" instr. mtclulaz Icskcz so 2c(mt1'ncs lcnsa “ the ' asked . ’ . H ’ lnin what he wanted with the.iii; abl. to [ardrl lorofroni. lcnda, “ to evtract money from them," where the English “ from ” is redundant. That nineteen out of the twent_v-one forins of the 'l‘urkish dialect should be preserved in the Welsh after a separation of four eeiitiiries. ltoinani, niorcover, being an unwritten language, is singular; hardl_v less striking is the siinilarit_v in the use of the rcllexive proiionii pas, “himself” or “herself,” c.g., V. (h'c7.-rI pesto (Zrom ,4/Inn pcstrry/, “ he sees his way before him;’’ ow Jack rirdas pas, “ Jack dressed hiniself;” to don pcngo loro, “to give their money ;” c (riii marsh _r/[llay pciigay, “ the three men went away ” (lit. “ went to themselves " a curious use. The third ironoun lo “he” Ii, 9 1 7 9 7 “she,” and 117, “they,” coniinonly only used after the auxiliary verb “ to be," is also noteworthy, as playing an important part in the forination of the verb. Instances of its use are—'. postcy srs/n l.'z'n.iio, “ till he was tired ;” 2-(zsarcc c7iz'balcn_r/rrcy scs lo, “ she vas a foul-toiigucd woman ;” trrzsli rrdny scslny, “ they were f rightcned." The aiixiliar_v verb runs in Turkish lloniani: PRES. sing. 7'36-m, isain, isz’ (as-Ii‘ in . siatie lt.); nlur. isrim, 2'sa'n 1'9)’: IM'l‘El’.1".
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