that it was in 1306 that he came from Bologna to that city, we may conclude that to the same year, 1306, belongs the beginning of Giotto’s great undertaking in the Arena chapel. The scheme includes a Saviour in Glory over the altar, a Last Judgment over the entrance door, and on either side a series of subjects from the Old and New Testaments and the apocryphal Life of Christ, painted in three tiers, and lowest of all, a fourth tier with emblematic Virtues and Vices in monochrome, the Virtues being on the side of the chapel which is next the incidents of redemption in the entrance fresco of the Last Judgment, the Vices on that side which is next the incidents of perdition. There is no other single building, or single series of representations, in which the highest powers of the Italian mind and hand at the beginning of the 14th century may be so well studied as here. In the same city, the great Franciscan church of St Antonio contains also the remains of works by the master. And it was still for the same order, in their renowned church of Santa Croce, that Giotto executed most of the paintings which mark the periods of his residence in Florence. Besides a vast altar-piece or panel for the Baroncclli chapel, he decorated with frescos the walls of a number of private chapels in this church. The Baroncelli altar-piece still exists ; the only chapels of which the frescos have been uncovered are those of the Bardi and Pcruzzi. Nor are these the only walls in Florence which to this day bear record of the powers of Giotto— without taking into account many that are attributed to him, but are really by the hand of pupils like Taddeo Gaddi or Puccio Capanna, or of weaker followers like
Giottino, Giovanni da Milano, or Agnolo Gaddi.Meantime, Giotto had been advancing, not only in fame, but in years and in prosperity. He was married young, and had, so far as is recorded, three sons, Francesco, Niccola, and Donato, and three daughters, Bice, Caterina, and Lucia. He had added by successive purchases to the plat of land inherited from his father at Vespignano. His fellow-citizens of all occupations and degrees delighted to honour him. And now, in his fifty-eighth year, on his return from Naples by way of Gae'ta, he received the final and official testimony to the esteem in which he was held at Florence. By a solemn decree of the Priori (April 12, 1334), he was appointed master of the works of the cathedral of Sta. Reparata (subsequently and better known as Sta. Maria del Fiore), and architect of the city walls and of the towns within her territory. Dying in 1336, he only enjoyed these dignities for two years. But in the course of these two years he had found time not only to make an excursion to Milan, on the invitation of Azzo Visconti and with the sanction of his own Government, but to plan and in part to superintend the execution of two monuments of architecture, of which the one remaining is among the most exquisite in design and richest in decoration that were ever conceived by man. These were, the west front of the cathedral, and its detached campanile or bell tower. The cathedral front was barbarously stripped of its enrichments in a later age, and stood naked until the other day, when the city of Florence undertook to restore it in a modern imitation. The campanile remains, except for inconsiderable repairs, as it was left by the pupils of Giotto after their master’s death; and in the consummate dignity as well as consummate delicacy of its design, in its fair proportions and in the opulent but lucid invention and apportionment of its details, in the thoughtfulness and pregnant simplicity of its sculptured histories, it is the most fitting crown and monument of a strong and memorable career.
A complete bibliography of the earlier as well as the more recent authorities on Giotto would here be out of place. The main mate- rials and references will be found in the following :—Vasari, ed. Lemonmer, vol. 1. pp. 309 sq . ; Crowe and Cavalcasclle, Hist. Qf Painting in Italy, vol. i. chaps. 8 to 11; Ernst Forster, Gcschz'chtn clcr Italicnisc/w/L Kansl, vol. ii. pp. 211 sqq., and E. Dobbcrt in article “ Giotto ” in Dohme's szst and Kiznsllcr, vol. iii.
GIOVINAZZO, a town of Italy, in the province of Bari, about 11 miles from Bari, on the railway from Otmnto to Bologna. Situated on the coast, it has a small harbour, and carries on an export trade in the olives, almonds, and carobs produced in the vicinity. It is also the seat of a bishop, and possesses a cathedral, a castle, and a famous ospz'zio or poorhouse, which was founded by Ferdinand I. of Naples, and is now used partly for the education of foundlings and orphans, and partly for the reformatory treatment of juvenile criminals. Cloth, carpets, thread, and shoes are among the manufactures of the place, and the children of the ospizio are largely trained in such industries. Whether the identi- fication with the ancient town called N ctium or N atiolum be well founded or not, it is certain that Giovinazzo was in existence at a very early date, and some portions of its sea- wall are supposed to belong to the later Roman period. The population of the town in 1875 was 8902, and of the commune 9108.
GIOVIO, Paul. See Jovius.
GIPSIES, a wandering folk scattered through every European land, over the greater part of Asia and North America, and along the northern coast of Africa. Bell of Antermony speaks in his Travels (1763) of meeting at Tobolsk a band of sixty Tziggany on their way to China ; Koster describes the Brazilian Ciganos (Travels in Brazil, 1816); and at the present day cases of Gipsy emigration to Australia are not unknown. No general estimate can be formed of their numbers outside Europe, but travellers agree that they are very numerous in Persia (3000 families in 1856), Armenia, Asiatic Turkey (67,000 in 1877), and Egypt (one alone of the three chief tribes, the Ghagars, being reckoned at 16,000); whilst in America, besides a multitude of British Gipsies, Gipsies from Spain, France, Germany, and Hungary are not unfrequent. The total, 700,000, at which Miklosich placed (1878) the European Gipsies, fairly agrees with the following frag— mentary statistics. Turkey, before its late dismemberment, contained 104,750 (9537 in Bosnia and the Herzegovina in 1874); Servia had 24,691 in 1874, Montenegro 500 in 1873; and in Roumania there are from 200,000 to 300,000, according to the varying estimates of Cretzulesco (1876) and the Annuairc général oflz‘ciel (le It’oumanie (1874). In 1876 Austria counted about 1000 (13,500 in Bohemia in 18462), and Hungary 159,000 (78,923 in Transylvania in 1350, and 36,842 in Hungary proper in 1864); while Spain is credited with 40,000, France with from 2000 to 6000 (700 in the Basque country), Germany and Italy together with 34,000 ('2), and Scandinavia with 1500. In Russia their number in 1834 was stated at 48,247, ex- clusive of Polish Gipsies, in 1844 at 1,427,539, and in 1877 at 11,654.[1]
“Gentiles” (La, non-Gipsies) gajé, he calls himself Rom, “a man or husband.” This Word Rom, connected by Paspati with the name of the Indian god Rama, is by Miklosich identified with the Sanskrit doma or glomba,
“a low-caste musician.”[2] Of names conferred by “Gen-
- ↑ In England the cenSus of 1871 gives the number of “ vagrants and Gipsies" as 2280, in Scotland 0f “ vagrants ” as 1793. These figures. however, while they include a good many non-Gipsy tramps and show- people, exclude all house-dwelling Gipsies, besides the Gipsy horse- dealers, basket-makers, hawkers, and tinkers, entered under their several headings, and are therefore utterly valueless.
- ↑ Sinté, another appellation current among the Gipsies of Germany,- Poland, and Scandinavia, and possibly connected with the Zincalo ot the Gitanos, has been likewise variously derived from the Sanskrit Simth (Indus), and from the Romani smulé, “ famous," whilst Batail- lard identifies it with the Ely-neg or Eivnm dubpes of Homer, Strabo, 8:0. (cf. Pott, i. 32-35).
