(Chatto and Wiudus, 1874), was the Work of Thomas Wright, and, by its popular exposition aml narrative, introduced Gillray to a very large circle formerly ignorant of him. This edition, which is complete in one volume, contains two portraits of Gillray, and upwards of 400 illustrations. Mr J. J. Cartwright, in a letter to the Academy (Feb. 28, 1874), drew attention to the existence of a Mh‘. volume, in the lit'itisll Museum, containing letters to and from (:illray, and other illustrative documents. The extracts he gave were used in a valuable article in the Quarterly Review for April 1874. See also the Academy for Feb. 21 and May 16, 1874.
For a contemporary life of Gillray, see George Stanley's nolice in his edition of Bryan‘s Dirtionary of I’amtcrs. There is a good account of him in Wright's History of Caricature amt Grotesque in Literature and Art, 186-). See also the article Caricature.
GILLYFLOWER, a popular name applied to various flowers, but principally to the clove, Blunt/ms ('aryoplzyllus, of which the carnation is a cultivated variety, and to the stock, JIatt/u'ola incana, a well-known garden favourite. The word is sometimes written gilliflower or gilloflower, and is reputedly a corruption of July-flower, “so called from the month they blow in.” Phillips, in his Flora IIistorica, remit-ks that Turner (1568) “calls it gelouer, to which he adds the word stock, as we Would say gelouers that grow on a stem or stock, to distinguish them from the clove- gelouers and the wall—gelouers. Gerard, who succeeded Turner, and after him Parkinson, calls it gilloflower, and thus it travelled from its original orthography until it was called J uly—tlower by those who knew not whence it was derived.” Dr Prior, in his useful Volume on the Popular Names of British Plants, very distinctly shows the origin of the name. He remarks that it was “formerly spelt gyllofer and gilofre with the 0 long, from the French giro/2'66, Italian yarryillo (M. Lat. yariojilmn) corrupted from the Latin Caryopkyllmn, and referring to the spicy odour of the flower, which seems to have been used in flavouring wine and other liquors to replace the more costly clove of India. The name was originally given in Italy to plants of the pink tribe, especially the carnation, but has in England been transferred of late years to several cruciferous plants.” The gillyflower of Chaucer and Spenser and Shakespeare was, as in Italy, Dimutlms Caryoplzyllus ; that of later writers and of gardeners J! at]: iola. Much of the con— fusion in the names of plants has doubtless arisen from the vague use of the French terms yiroflée, oez'llet, and violate, which were all applied to flowers of the pink tribe, but in England were subsequently extended and finally restricted to very different plants. The use made of the flowers to impart a spicy flavour to ale and wine is alluded to by Chaucer who writes—
| “ | And many a clove gilofre |
| To put in ale ” ; |
also by Spenser, who refers to them by the name of s0ps in wine, which was applied in consequence of their being steeped in the liquor. In both these cases, however, it is the clove-gillyflower which is intended, as it is also in the pass- age from Gerard, in which he states that the conserve made of the flowers with sugar “is exceeding cordiall, and wonder- fully above measure doth comfort the heart, being eaten now and then.” The principal other plants which bear the name are the wallflower, C/Leiraat/ws C/teiri, called wall- gillyflower in old b0oks ; the dame’s violet, IIesyerz's mat- roaalis, called variously the queen’s, the rogue’s, and the winter gillyflower ; the ragged robin, Lychnis jlos calculi, called marsh-gillyfloWer ; the water-violet, IIottom'a palus- tris, called water-gillyflower ; and the thrift, .irmeria eulgaris, called sea—gillyflower. As a separate designation it has in modern times been chiefly applied to the JIatlziola or stock, but it is now very little used.
carried out his conception of the duties of a Christian pastor, was descended from a Westmoreland family, and was born at Kentmere in 1517. At Oxford he first adhered to the conservative side, and defended the doctrines of the church against Hooper; but his confidence was somewhat shaken by another public disputation which he had with Peter Martyr. In 1552 he preached before King Edward VI. a sermon on sacrilege, which was duly published, and displays the high ideal which even then he had formed of the clerical oflice ; aml about the same time he was presented to the Vicarage of Norton, in the diocese of Durham, and obtained a licence, through William Cecil, as a general preacher throughout the kingdom as long as the king lived. Instead of settling down in England, however, he resigned his Vicarage, and went abroad to pursue his theological investigations, and if possible satisfy his mind on some disputed matters. He carried out this intention at Louvain, Antwerp, and Paris; and from a letter of his own, dated Louvain, 1554, we get a glimpse of the quiet student rejoicing in an “excellent library belonging to.a monastery of Minorites.” teturuing to England towards the close of Queen Mary’s reign, he was invested by his uncle, Dr Tonstall, bishop of Durham, with the archdeaconry of Durham, to which the rectory of Eflington was annexed. The freedom of his attacks on the vices, and especially the clerical vices, of his times excited hostility against him, and he was formally brought before the bishop on a charge consisting of thir- teen articles. Tonstall, however, not only dismissed the case, but presented the offender with the rich living of Houghton-le-Spring" and when the accusation was again brought forward, he again protected him. Enraged at this defeat, Gilpin’s enemies laid their complaint before Dr Bonner, bishop of London, and he innnediately gave orders for his apprehension. Upon this Gilpin prepared for mar. tyrdom 3 and, having ordered his house-steward to provide him with a long garment, that he might “goe the more comer to the stake,” he set out for London. Providentially, however, he broke his leg on the journey, and his arrival was thus delayed till the news of Queen Mary’s death freed him from further danger. He at once returned to Houghton, and there he continued to labour till his death in 1583. “'hen the Roman Catholic bishops were deprived, he w as offered the see of Carlisle ; but he declined the honour. At Houghton his course of life was a ceaseless round of bene- volent activity. His hospitable manner of living was the admiration of all. In his household, he spent “ every fort- night 40 bushels of corn, ‘30 bushels of malt, and an ox, besides a proportional quantity of other kinds of provisions.” Strangers and travellers found a ready reception ; and even their horses were treated with so much care that it was humorously said that, if one were turned loose in any part of the country, it would immediately make its way to the rector of Houghton. Every Sunday from Michaelmas till Easter was a public day with Gilpin. For the reception of his parishioners he had three tables well covered,—one for gentlemen, the second for husbandmen, the third for day- labourers; and this piece of hospitality he never omitted, even when losses or scareity made its continuance difficult. He built and endowed a grammar-school at a cost of up- wards of £500, educated and maintained a large number of poor children at his own charge, and provided the more promising pupils with means of studying at the universities. So many young people, indeed, flocked to his school that there was not accommodation for them in Houghton, and he had to fit up part of his house as a boarding establish- ment. Grieved at the ignoranee and superstition which the remissness of the clergy permitted to flourish in the neighbouring parishes, he used every year to visit the most neglected parts of N orthumberland, Yorkshire, Cheshire, Westmoreland, and Cumberland; and that his own flock might not suffer, he was at the expense of a constant assistant. Among his parishioners he was looked up .to
as a judge, and did great service in preylenting law-suits