de Areos (Sth siegel. and in August the rock passed once more under Christian sway. The duke of Medina Sidonia, a powerful grandee who had assisted in its capture. was anxious to get possession of the fortress, and though Henry IV. at first managed to nraintain the claims of the crown, the duke ultimately made good his ambition by force of arms (9th siege), and in 1469 the king was constrained to de.'lar‘e his son and his heirs perpetual governors of Gibraltar. In 1479 Ferdinand and Isabella made the second duke marquis of Gibraltar, and in 1492 the third duke Don Juan was reluctantly allowed to retain the fortress. At length in 1501 Gareilaso de la Vega was ordered to take possession of the place in the king’s name and it was formally incorporated with the domains of the crown. After Ferdinand and Isabella were both dead the duke Don Juan tried in 1506 to recover possession, and added a 10th to the list of sieges. Thirty-four years afterwards the garrison had to defend itself against a much more formidable attack (11th siege)—the pirates of Algiers having determined to recover the rock for Mahomet and themselves. The conflict was severe, brrt resulted in the repulse of the besiegers. After this the Spaniards made great efforts to strengthen the place, and they succeeded so well that throughout Europe Gibraltar was regarded as impregnable.
In the course of the War of the Spanish Succession, however, it was taken by a combined English and Dutch fleet under Sir George llooke, assisted by a body of troops under Prince George of Hesse- Darmstadt. The captors had ostensibly fought in the interests of Charles archduke of Austria (afterwards Charles III.), but, though his sovereignty over the rock was proclaimed on July 24, 1704, Sir George Hooke on his own responsibility caused the English flag to be hoisted, and took possession in name of Queen Anne. It is hardly to the honour of England that it was both unprincipled enough to sanction and ratify the occupation, and ungrateful enough to leave unrewarded the general to whose unscrupulous patriotism the acquisition was due. The Spaniards keenly felt the injustice done to them, and the inhabitants of the town of Gibraltar in great numbers abandoned their homes rather than recognize the authority of the invaders. In October 1704 the rock was invested by sea and land; but the Spanish ships were dispersed by Sir Johu Leake, and the marquis of Yilladarias fared so ill with his forces that he was replaced by Marshal Tcssé, who was at length compelled to raise the siege in April 1705. During the next twenty years there were endless negotiations for the peaceful surrender of the fortress, and in .1726 the Spaniards again appealed to arms. But the Conde de la Torres, who had the chief command, succeeded no better than his predecessors, and the defence of the garrison under General Clayton and the earl of l’ortnrorc was so effective that the armistice of June 23d practically put a close to the siege, though two years elapsed before the general pacification ensued. The most memorable siege of Gibraltar, indeed one of the most memorable of all sieges, was that which it sustained from the combined land and sea forces of France and Spain during the years 1779–1783. The grand attack on the place was made on the 13th September 1782, and all the resources of power and science were exhausted by the assailants in the fruitless attempt. On the side of the sea they brought to bear against the fortress forty-six sail of the line, and a countless fleet of gun and mortar boats. But their chief hope lay in the floating batteries planned by D’Arcon, an eminent French engineer, and built at the cost of half a million sterling. They were so constructed as to be impenetrable by the red-hot shot \\ hieh it was foreseen the garrison would employ; and such hopes were entertained of their efficiency that they were styled invincible. The Count d‘Artois (afterwards Charles K.) hastened from Paris to witness the capture of the place. He arrived in time to see the total destruction of the floating batteries, and a considerable portion of the combined fleet, by the English fire. Despite this disaster, however, the siegc continued till brought to a close by the general pacification, February 2d, 1783. The history of the four eventful years’ siege is fully detailed in the work of Drinkwater, who himself took part in the defence, and in the Life of its gallant defender Sir George Augustus Eliott, after-Wards Lord Heathlield, whose military skill and moral courage place him anrong the best soldiers and noblest man whom Europe produced during the 18th century.
Since 1783 the history of Gibraltar has been comparatively uneventful. 1n the beginning of 1801 there were rumours of a Spanish and French attack, but the Spanish ships were defeated off Algeciras in June by Admiral Saumarcz. Improvements in the fortifications, maintenance of military discipline, and legislation in regard to trade and smuggling are the principal matters of recent ' interest.
See Col. Thomas James. History of the Herculean Ghaitz, Lond.. 1777: Ayala, lIistoria. (1e Gibraltar. Madrid. 1762, English translation by llcll, Lontl.. 1545; Aneell, .t Circumstantial Journal of the Blockade and Siege of Gibraltar, 1779—1753. Liverpool. 1784; Chevalier d'.-\r(;on. Me'moircs pour .Im-rir a. I'histm're du sie'g/e :In , Gibraltar, Paris. 1783; llcnnen. Sketches of the Medical Topography of the Jle-Ji- Ierranerm, I.«-nd., 1530; Boissicr. I'oyaye botanique (Inns [It JlitIi dz: r Iz‘spagne, Paris, 1539; Major lIort, [Inscriptions and chrmls of I/ibraltm-, I.ond.. 11539; J, M. Carter. Select News in Gibraltar. I.ontl.. IMG: Sayer. The History of Gibraltar, l.ond.. 13462; A History of Gibra’tar: trill! l'lmlngruphir Illustrations by J. 1]. Jlann, Lond., 1870; I-‘cnzon, Sortics from (iibmltar, l\7‘.'.
GIBSON, Edmund (1669-17-18), bishop of London, the learned Compiler of the ( 'odca' J uris Ecclesiuslici Anglo-uni, was born at Bampton in Westmoreland in 1669. After a promising career at one of the local schools, he was in 1666 entered a scholar at Queen’s College, Oxford, where, at the early age of twenty—two (1692), he distinguished himself by the publication of a valuable edition of the Saxon C/umu'v'l", with a Latin translation, indiccs, and notes. This was fl :1- lowed in 1693 by an annotated edition of the De I nst itutione Oratorio. of Quintilian. and in 1691 by a translation in two volumes folio of Camden’s Britannia, “ with additions and improvements,” in the preparation of which he had been largely assisted by the volunteered aid of various linglish antiquaries. Shortly after Tenison's elevation to the sec of Canterbury in 169-1 Gibson was appointed chaplain and librarian to the archbishop, and at a somewhat later period he became rector of Larnbeth and arehdcaeon of Surrey. In the discussions which arose during the reigns of William and Anne relative to the rights and privileges of the Convocation, Gibson took a very active part, and in a series of pamphlets warmly argued for the right of the archbishop to continue or prorogue that assembly. The eontrcwcrsy suggested to him the idea of those researches which resulted in the Codex J uris Iz'cclesiqlstici .1nglimni, published in two Vols, folio in 1713,—a work which discusses more learnedly and comprehensively than any other the legal rights and duties of the English clergy, and the Constitution, canons, and articles of the English Church. In 1715 Gibson was presented to the see of Lincoln, whence he was in 17:23 translated to that of London, where for twenty—five years he exercised an immense influence, being the authority chiefly consulted by the court on all ecclesiastical affairs. \\'hile a conservative in church politics, he yet respected the vari- ous forms of dissent, and discouraged all attempts to prevent dissenters from Worshipping in the manner and accnrding In the principles which they preferred. Ile exercised a vigilant oversight over the morals of all ranks and classes of the community committed to his charge ; and his fearless denunciation of the licentious masquerades which had become highly popular at court finally lost him the royal favour. Among the literary efforts of his later years the principal were a series of Pastoral Letters in defence of the “ gospel revelation,” against “ lukewarmncss” and “ en- thusiasm,” and on various topics of the day; also the I’reservative against I’Opery, in 3 vols. folio (1733), :1 compilation of numerous controversial writings of eminent Church of England divines, dating chiefly from the period of James II. Gibson died on the 6th September 1743.
A second edition of the Coder Juris, “revised and improved. with large additions by the author,” was published at Oxford 1]] 1761. Besides the works already mentionul, Gibson published a nundn-r of Sermons, and other works of a religious and devotional kind. The 17m T/mnm' L'orllcz'i with the Ilia-lurid Jr'ibliul/za-(e Jlotlleialm' in the Catalogi librorum manuscriptorum (Oxford, 1697), and the It’cliquiw Spclmmmianw (Oxford, 1698), are also from his pen.
Conway, in 1790, in very humble circumstances, his father being a market gardener. He is a notable'cxamplc of one who, with no so-callcd start in life, carved his way to (lis- tinetion by the force of a steady purpose and strong will, To his mother, whom he described as ruling his father and all the family, he owed, like many other great men, the energy and determination-which carried him over every obstacle. lle narrowly escaped emigration to America, the first step towards which took the family to Liverpool, where his mother’s will interpost to keep them. Ile was then nine years of age, and was sent to school. The windows of the print shops of Liverpool riveted his atten- tion; and, having no means to purchase the commonest print, he acquired the habit of committing to ocular memory
the outline of one figure after another, drawing it on his