tained by some llindu families, who support a small tmflic,'_and ' supply the wants of the few Mahomctan residents.” Mr \igne l visited it in 1836, having reached it from Multan with a cayavan of Inhiiii merchants, travelling by the Goinal pass. The historical name of Ghazni was brought back from the dead, as it were, by the - new s of its capture by the British army under Sir_Johu I\_cane, 23d July 1839. The siege artillery had been left behind at lvandahar; escalade was judged impracticable ; but the pt‘OjC‘Ct'Ol‘ the commanding engineer, (‘aptaiii George Thomson, for blowing in the (abul gate with powd.-r in bags, was adopted, and carried otit successfully. at the cost of 18:! killed and wounded. Two years and a half later, the Afghan outbreak against the British occupa- tion found Ghazni garrisoiie-l by a Bengal regiment of sepoys, but neither repaired nor provisioned. They held out iindci' great hard- ships front 16th December 1841 to 6th March 1842, when they s'ur- rendered. In the autumn of the same year General N ott, advancing from Kandahar upon Cabul, reoccupied Ghazni, destroyed the de- fciiCes of the castle and part of the town, and carried away the famous gates. Since then Ghazni has not been entered by any Englishman ; for when Colonel Lumsden’s mission passed this way in 1857 they were not allowed to approach the place.
See Elliot, 1175!. of India. ed. by Dowson; Taibakdli—i-Ndsiri, translated by \taj .r Ravcrty in the Bibliolh'ca Indira; E. Thomas. in J. R. As. Soc, vols. ix. :ni.l xvii.; Fo.stcr's Journey; Vigne‘s Visit to Ghazni, it'd; Masson's Trurcls; lL-p-irts of Lumsdcn's Mission in 1857; Journal of (he As. Soc. of Bengal, vol. xii.; .tutab'ejrap'y of Buber, by Leyden and Erskine; Cunningham's 11m. of the Sikhs, ac _ _ '
GHEE (Sanskrit, Ghrzta), a kind of clarified butter made in the East. The best is prepared from butter of the milk of cows, the less esteemed from that of buffaloes. The butter is melted over a slow fire, and set aside to cool; the thick, opaque, whitish, and more fluid portion, or ghee, re- presenting the greater bulk of the butter, is then removed. The less liquid residue, mixed with groundnut oil, is sold as an inferior kind of ghee. It may be obtained also, according to the Indian Domestic Economy and Receipt 3001', p. 16, 6th ed., 1865, by boiling butter over a clear fire, skimming it the while, and, when all the water has evaporated, stmining it through a cloth. Ghee which is rancid or tainted, as is often that of the Indian bazaars, is said to be rendered SWeet by boiling with leaves of the illormya ptcryyusperma or horse—radish tree. In India ghee is one of the commonest articles of diet, and indeed enters into the composition of everything eaten by the Brahnians. It is also extensively used in Indian religious ceremonies, being offered as a sacrifice to idols, which are at times bathe-1 in it. Sanskrit treatises on therapeutics describe ghee as cooling. emollient, and stomachic, as capable of increasing the mental powers, and of improving the voice and personal appearance, and as useful in eye-diseases, tyinpanitis, painful dyspepsia, wounds, ulcers, and other affections. Old ghee is in special repute among the Hindus as a medicinal agent, and its eflicacy as an external applica- tion is believed by them to increase with its age. Ghee more than 10 years old, the purcina yhrita of Sanskrit materia incdicas, has a strong odour, and the colour of lac. Some specimens which have been much longer preserved—and “ clarified butter a hundred years old is often heard of "— have an earthy look, and are quite dry and hard, and nearly inodorous. Medicated ghee (Sanskrit, ghrltu [Ml/CC!) is made by warming ordinary ghee to remove contained water, melt- ing, after the addition of a little turmeric juice, in a metal pan at a gentle heat, and then boiling with the prepared drugs till all mOisture is expelled, and straining through a cloth.
See Udoy Chand Dut, The Malaria Mullen of the Hindus, com- pilcclfrom Sansknt filedqu Works, Calcutta, 1877, and, on the uses of ghee in culinary operations, the above quoted Receipt Book, and The Indian Cookery Book, Calcutta (1869 '5’).
GHEEL, or Geel, a town of Belgium, in the province of Antwerp, about 2-9 miles E. of Antwerp, on the railway between Herenthals and M01], with a population, according t ) the census of 187 0, of 10,205. Situated in the midst of that half barren stretch of moorland which is known as the Campine or Kampenland, it would have been of little importance, in spite of its manufactures of cloth, leather, wooden shoes, and wax-lights, had it not for long centuries been the seat of a unique method of dealing with the insane. A local legend, tracing the origin of the town back to a chapel of St Martin erected in the 7th century, goes on to tell how an Irish princess, fearing the fate that long afterwards bcfel Beatrice Cenci, sought refuge in this remote asylum, but was pursued by her i'clentleSs father and put to death, along with a priest Gerrebcrt, the companion cf her flight. The tomb of the victims was soon discovered to have a healing virtue for minds diseased; the saltltczl Dymphna became the patroness of the insane; and a large and beautiful church in her honour was erected on the site of St Martin’s chapel. Commenced in the 12th century, it was finished in 1340, and consecrated by the bishop of Gambray; and the pilgrimages to the tomb were sanctioned by a brief of Eugenius IV. In 1538 Jean de Merode, within whose domains the church was situated, instituted a vicariate of nine priests and a director, and in 1562 Henri de Merodc transformed the vicariate into a regular chapter of nine canons and a dean. The church still remains to bear witness to the importance formerly attached to the shrine; and though the tomb of St Dymphna has long been a cenotaph, a few stray enthusiasts still pass beneath it in hopeful imitation of the thousands in byegone years, whose knees have worn deep furrows in the pavement as they made their ninefold transits on nine successive days. As food and lodging had to be provided for the patients who were brought to the saint, the inhabit- ants of Ghee-l grew accustomed to the treatment of the various kinds of mental alienation, and gradually discovered that forcible measures were much less frequently necessary, and danger less likely to result from free intercourse with the insane, than was generally believed throughout Europe. When M. Pontecoulant was appointed by Napoleon prefect of the Revolution department of the l)yle, his attention vas called to the success of the domestic regime in force at Ghee], in contrast to the sad condition of affairs in the asylum at Brussels, and he caused the patients to be removed from the capital to the little country town. His example was freely followed by the authorities of different districts, and thel received full official recognition. Investigations undertaken about 1850 by M. Ducpetiaux, inspector-general of benevolent establishments in Belgium, resulted in the reform of such abuses as had crept into the system ; and the relations of the patient and his protectors were placed on a strict legal footing by the law of 1st May 1851. Further ameliorations have been introduced in 185 2, 1857, 1858, &c. The whole management of the system is under the supervision of officially appointed physicians, and the advantages of a regular establishment are thus combined with those of domestic comfort, social freedom, and activity. Permission to receive patients: granted not only to the town residents, but also to the villagers of the vicinity.
Among the numerous works and papers descriptive of “heel and its regime, the following may be mentionedz—Gazot, Hist. ccclésiastiquc (lcs Pays Bras, 1614 ; Bifli, “Memorie originali,” in flazclln mcdira Ilaliana, 2d Oct. 1854 ; Brown, in Asylmn Journal, 1858; Bucknill, Ibid., 1858, 1859; Bulckens, Rapport, &e., Brussels, 1857 ; papers by Auguste Droste, in A llg. Zcz'lsch. fur I’syrhz'alrz'c, 1853, Corr. Blotterdchcutschcn G'cs. fiir Psychiatric, 1850, 11 yym, 1857, and Dents-Illa Kllnik, 1858 ; Esquirol, illul. mentalcs, vol. ii.; Jules Duval, 0hccl, on Unc colonic d’alic'nés, Paris, 1860; Iliimly, thcl, Beitrng zur Gesch. dcr praht. Psychiatric, lict‘lin, 1875.
