4.36 Pomerania, Prussia, Posen, have increased by 50 to 60 per ' cent. This is to be explained by the fact_ that there has been a very extensive immigration into Prussia since, 1815, whereas emigration has been mostly from South Germany. But the surplus of births over deaths also has I at all times been greater in the North. Increase ty‘ Population in States. I ' Popuiat'on. I Province: or States. I 70”“ l"""““5'~ Census 1531-34. Census 1875. PC‘ “em” Saxony gkingdoml ‘('34) 1,596,000 22,760,000 73 The 9i‘-3“ ~"-".°i°“‘ (31) 13,040,000 21,116,000 62 Prus. provinces Brandenburcr I _ _ . — (incll Bflfin) I ,, 1,612,000 3,120,000 84 Rhineland ,, 2,250,000 3,804,000 70 Pomerania ,, 910,000 1,46'_’.000 63 Prussia ,, 2,015,000 3,199,000 59 Silesia . . . . . . . . . . . .. ,, 2,460,900 3,84-4.000 56 'estphalia ..... .. , , 1 , 270,000 1,905,000 52 Saxony .......... .. ,, 1,450,000 2,169,000 50 Posen ............. .. ,, 1,070,000 1,606,000 50 I Baden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..,(’34) 1,228,000 1,507,000 23 Hanover ............ .. 4'33) 1,663,000 2,017,000 21 'iirtemberg... . ('34) 1,573,000 1,882,000 20 Bavaria ............. .. ,, 4,Q45,(N_IO 5,0'_".2,000 18 Hesse ............... ,, 750,000 884,000 18 Vital Statistics. —It is very recently that general registers of births, deaths, and marriages began to be kept for all the German states, but these prove the increase of the excess of births over deaths in recent years to have been co11sider- able. The following table of returns for the whole of Ger- many during the period 187;.-76 brings out a natural addi- tion by births of upwards of half a million yearly :— Still- Isurplusofl born. Births. I ' Births (incl. I Still born). ' Deaths (incl. Marriages Still born) . I 1872 3 423,900 ' 1,692,227 , 1,260,922 ' 66,190 I 431,305 1873 416,949 ' 1,715,283 1,241,459 '67,166 I 473,824 1874 '400,282 1,752,976 ,1.191,93-2 69,536 561,044 1875 386,746 1,798,591 1,246,572 74,179 , 552,019 1876 I366,912|1,831,218 ' 1,207,144 ' 73,517 , 624,074 .Iean...I 398,778 I 1,758,059 I1 229,606 I70,117 I 528,453 The numbers of births, deaths, and marriages for every 1000 of the population of Germany during the period 1872-5 were as follows :— I To 1000 Persons tiring. To 1000 313,-riagc. able Persons. I Births I Deaths '.lar1iages .[:1ninges. 1872 I 41-1 30 5 I 10 3 33-9 1873 413 ‘?.9'9 10'0 37 8 1874 41'8 I 28'4 9'5 36'0 1875 423 I 29‘3 I 9'1 34'3 Mean...I 41-6 I 29-5 I 9-7 36'7 difference is obvious. While the average annual rate of births (41'6) has been much higher than in England (340) during recent years, the annual death-rate does not compare favourably with that of England (2213) or of other states. Only tussia, Finland, Austria-llungary, Italy, and Servia exhibit greater higher rates. Se.res.—The numbers of the different sexes in 1871 an 1875 were as follows :- In eomparing this with similar tables for England, a great I I
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1871 20,154,109 20.906737 752.63»; 1937 1875 20,986,701 . 21,740.659 . 753,958 1936 (IEBMANY ' in 1873-77 by emigration to America. [rope 1..-vr10.' As in most European states, the surplus of females arises from their lower death-rate, for in Germany as else- where more boys are born than girls. The following table shows the numbers of births, including still-bor11 :— I Boys. I Girls. l-Zxcess of Boys. Bu_'s for 1000 (eiils 1572 ' 871,438 I 320,786 50,652 1062 1:73 883,017 1 832,265 50,752 1061 1874 903 148 849,521 53,327 1063 1575 928397 570.194 55,203 1067 1876 943,433 I 587781 55,652 1063 Averag4' 905,837 352,170 53,717 1063 Illegz'linzac_z/.—Tlie number of illegitimate births is greater than in any other European state, except Sweden, Denmark, Austria, and Portugal. The rate of illegitim-.1c_v is about 9 per cent. of the births, the animal average for 1872-75 being 886. In lthincl-and the proportion was 28 per cent., l'0rth-Western Germany, ()ppeln, and I’0.-en 5 to 6, South-'estern Germany 7 to 9, province of Saxony, Brandenburg (exclusive of Berlin), Pomerania, Si-hleswig- Holstein 9 to 10, Saxony, Tlmringia, and Lower Silesia 1;’, Berlin 135, and Bavaria 146 per cent On the whole, illegitimacy has decreased of late, particularly in llavari-.1. 1;'77u'gra(ion.—'_l'he increase of population would Lave been still greater if emigration had not for years drain-.-«I the country of considerable numbers of its inhabitants. The number of emigrants from Germany since 1820 may be estimated at 3,500,000, but this includes many Austrians, and it cannot be stated how many of the emigrants were natives of the German empire, as no authentic statistics of emigration were issued before 1873. The greater part of - the emigrants take their passage via Bremen and llamburg. The following statement, therefore, of the numbers of emigrants from these ports may afford a suliicieut indica- tion of the total emigration :- I Emigrants I I-Zmigiants. A1-e1'n;z,e. I I I 1836-44 14,653 1870 79,337 1845-49 I 36,706 1571 102,740 1850-54 77,165 1872 154,834 1855-59 54,433 1873 1Z5'.’.,4l7 1860-64 I 41,665 1874 74,076 1865-69 107,672 1875 56,313 1870-74 108,675 1876 50,396 1875-77 49,786 1877 41,749 The following table, on the other hand, gives the number of emigrants from the German empire according to the ofiicial returns. The numbers are considerably lower than those of thel.ast table. It will be seen that emigration has decreased greatly during recent years. 1873 ............................. .. 103.638 German limigrants. 1874 ............................. .. 45,112 ., 1875 ............................. .. 30,773 ,, 1876 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 28,368 n 1877 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 21,964 ,, Total .......... .. 229,855 ,, The greater part of the recent emigration has been. from the maritime provinces. Out of 230,000 emigrants in the years 1873-77,132,350 were _from l‘r11ss1a, Poinerania, .Iecklenburg, Schleswig-llolstem, ll-anover, Oldenburg, Bremen, and Hamburg. These states, with a total popula- tion (l875) of 9,245,000, accordingly lost 1,‘; per cent., the rest of the country ($33,482,000 inhabitants) only I37,-5010, or 03 per cent. It must be added, however, ti-at tie emigration from South Germany was formerly much _more considerable. .'tlsace—Lorraine lost only 1193 inhabitants
The great mass of