gushed as Cor-.rlians (from gor, a mountain), and those of the lower regions as Mazures and Cracoviaks. The
luthenian highlandors bear the name of Huzulians.
Galicia (or llalicz) took its rise along with the neighbouring principality of Lodomeria (or Vladimir) in the course of the 12th century—the seat of the ruling dynasty being llalicz or llaliteh, a town in the present district of Stanislawow at the confluence of the Lukev with the Drriester. Disputh between the Galician and Lodomerian houses led to the interference of the king of lluugary, Bela III., who in 1190 assumed the title of Rex Galatiæ, and appointed his son Andreas lieutenant of the kingdom. Polish assistance, however, enabled Vladimir the former possessor to expel Andreas, and in 1198 Roman, prince of Lodomeria, made himself master of Galicia also. On his death in 1205 the struggle between Poland and Hungary for supremacy in the country was resumed; but in 1215 it was arranged that Daniel, son of Roman, should be invested with Lodomcria, and Kolornan, son of the Hungarian king, with Galicia. Kolornan, however, was expelled by Mstislall' of Novgorod; and in his turn Andreas, Mstislatl‘s nominee, was expelled by Daniel of Lodorneria, a powerful prince, who by a flexible policy succeeded in maintaining his position. Though in 1235 he had recognized the overlordship of Hungary, yet, when he found himself hard pressed by the Mongolian general llatu, he called in the assistance of Innocent IV. and accepted the crown of Galicia from the hands of a papal legate; and again, when Innocent disappointed his expectation, he returned to his former connexion with the Greek Church. On the extinction of his line in 1340 Casimir III. of Poland incorporated Galicia and Lemberg; on Casimir's death in 1370 Louis the Great of Hungary, in accordance with previous treaties, became king of Poland, Galicia, and Lodomeria; and in 1382, by the marriage of Louis’s daughter with Ladislaus II., Galicia, which he had regarded as part of his Hungarian rather than of his Polish possessions, became definitively assigned to Poland. On the first partition of Poland, in 1772, the kingdom of Galicia and Lodorneria came to Austria, and to this was added the district of New or West Galicia in 1795; but at the peace of Vienna in 1809 West Galicia and Cracow were surrendered to the grand-duchy of Warsaw, and in 1810 part of East Galicia, including Tarnopol, was made over to Russia. This latter portion was recovered by Austria at the peace of Paris, and the former came back on the suppression of the independence of Cracow in 1846. Within the short period since 1860 great advances have been made in many ways in the development of the natural resources of the country and in the education of the people; and the general prosperity of the kingdom is evidenced by the rapid growth of several of its larger towns.
See Lin do Lilienbaeh. “ Description (In bassin do In Galicic ct dc la Podoiic." in .llémoires de la société ge'ologz'que de France, tome i.. mém. iv., 1533—34; Selim-ales. Geogr.-slatisl. Fe’lersicht Galiziens, Lernberg, 1869; Lipp, l'erkchrs- and [landclsrerlu'ilmisse Guliziens, Prague, 1870; Zchlickc, “Die polit. unrl socialen Zustiinde Galizicns," in Cinema Zeit, 1570; “ Die ltuthcncr in Galizicn,” in bi: G'obus. 1370; Pilot, Statist. filittheil. fiber die l'erha'llm'sse Galiziens, Lernberg, 1574; OrIsrepertorium (It’s Ir'o‘niyreichs Gulizien and Lodomerien (official). Vienna. 1374; chickc. “ Die dcntschcn Kolonicn in Galizicrr," in Im Nr-uen Reich, 1876; Kelb in Juhrbericht der K. Geo]. Reichs-Anstalt, 1876; "Culturfortsclrritte in Galizien," in Dos Auslaml, 1376. Remarkable sketches of Galician life have been given by Sachcr-Masoch, whose works are well known in France and Germany. A rich literature on the subject exists in Polish.
GALICIA (Galltecia OI‘ Callwcia, KaAAaLKL’a, KaAaLKL'a), an ancient kingdom, countslrip, or province in the N.W. angle of Spain, now divided into the provinces of Corufia, Luge, Orense, and Pontevedra, lies between 41° 51’ and 43" 47' N. lat., 6° 50' and 9° 16' W. long, and is bounded on the N. and W. by the Bay of Biscay and the Atlantic, on the S. by the Portuguese provinces of Entre Douro e Miuho and Traz os Montes, and on the E. by Leon and the Asturias. The greatest length is about 125 miles, greatest breadth 115 miles; area, 11,222 square miles ; population (1867), 1,937,792. Galicia is traversed from E. to 11'. by a continuation of the great Pyrenean and Cantabrian chain ; and its surface is further broken by two spurs from that system, which, running in a south-westerly direction, en- close the basin of the Mifio. The average elevation of the province is considerable, and the maximum height (6593 feet) is reached in the Pena Trevinea on the east border of Grease. The principal river is the Mir‘ro (Portuguese, .lliu/m ; Latin illiuius ; so named, it is said, from the rniuium or vermilion found in its bed), which, rising near Mondofredo, within 20 miles of the northern coast, after a Course of 170 miles in a south and south-west direction, enters the Atlantic near the port of La (luardia. It is navigable by small vessels on the lower part of its course. Of the numerous afllrrents of the Mine, the most important are—-—ou the left the Sil, which rises among the lofty moun- tains between Leon and Asturias, and on the right the Tea, which rises on the eastern flank of Monte Farro. Among other rivers having a westerly direction may be mentioned the Tambre, the Ulla, and the Lerez or Ler, which fall int.-. the Atlantic by estuaries or rius called respectively Rio. Muros y Noya, Ilia Arosa, and Ilia l’ontevcdra. The rivers of the northern versant, such as the Eume, the J uvia, and the Moro, are, like those of the Asturias, for the most part short, rapid, and subject to violent floods. The coast-line of Galicia, extending to about 210 miles, is everywhere bold and deeply indented, presenting a large number of secure harbours, in this respect forming a marked contrast to the neighbouring province. The 150, which bounds (lalicia on the east, has a deep estuary, the llivadeo, which offers a safe and commodiorrs anchorage in 3 fathoms water at ebb— tide. Further to the west is Yivero Bay, 1 mile wide and 3 in length, affording good anchorage throughout, with from O tolS fathoms of water. Thetllia dcl \'arquero y Yares is of a similar character; while the harbour of Ferrol (see Ferrol) ranks among the best in Europe. On the opposite side of Betanzos Bay (the ,uc’yas Amy’v or Portus Magnus of the ancients) is the great port of Coruña (see Corunna). The principal port on the western coast of Galicia is that formed by the deep and sheltered bay of Vigo, which is navigable for vessels of 500 tons to a distance of 16 miles from the ocean ; but there are also geod roadsteads at Corcnbion under Cape Finisterre, at Marin, and at Carril. The climate of the Gulician coast is mild and equablc, but the interior, owing to the great elevation (the town of Lugo is upwards of 1900 feet above the sea level), has a wide range of temperature. The rainfall is exceptionally large, and snow lies on some of the loftier ele 'ations for a considerable portion of the year. The soil is on the whole fertile, and the produce very varied. A considerable quantity of timber is grown on the high lands, and the rich valley pastures support large herds of cattle, while the abundance of oak and chestnut favours the rearing of swine. In the lowland districts good crops of maize, wheat, barley, oats, and rye, as well as of turnips and potatoes, are obtained. The fruit also is of excellent quality and in great variety, although the culture of the vine is limited to some of the warmer valleys in the southern districts. The dehesas or moor-lands abound in game, and fish are plentiful in all the streams. The mineral resources of the province, which are considerable, were known to some extent to the ancients. Strobe speaks of its gold and tin, and Pliny mentions the gemma Gallaica. Mines of lead, tin, copper, and iron pyrites continue to be wrought, though under considerable disadvantages, and chiefly by foreign capitalists. Galicia is also remarkable for the number of its sulphur and other warm springs, the most import-int of which are those at Luge and those from which ()rcnsc is said to take its name (Aqua: urentes).
Portuguese, whom they resemble in dialect, in appearance, and in habits more than the other inhabitants of the peninsula. The men are well known all over Spain, and also in Portugal, as hardy, honest, and industrious, but for the most part somewhat unskilled, labourers; indeed the word Gallego has come to be almost a synonym in Madrid for a “hewer of wood and drawer of water.” Agriculture engages the greater part of the resident population, both male and female ; other industries are little developed, and the fisheries are not extensive. There are a few linen and cotton factories in the larger towns. The principal exports are live cattle, preserved meats, eggs, bones, mineral ore, fish oil, salt fish (especially sardines), chestnuts and other
nuts, grain (especially maize), and potatoes. The first-merr-