See Varing, Jlcmual of Practical Therapeutics, 3d ed., 1871, p. 311; Fliiekiger and Ilanbury, Plzartnacograplna, p. 285, 1874; Bentley and Trilnen, Zllctlicinal Plants, No. 128.
GALE, Theophilus (1628–1678), a distinguished divine, was born in 1628 at King’s Teignmouth, in Devonshire, of which place his father was vicar. In 1647 he was entered at Magdalen College, Oxford, where he took his BA. degree in 16-19, and M.A. in 16-32. In 1650 he was made fellow and tutor of his college. He remained five years at Oxford, discharging actively the duties of tutor, and was then appointed to a church at Winchester. After the restoration he refused to submit to the Act of Uniformity, and was ejected from his parish. In 1662 he accepted the post of tutor to the sons of Lord Wharton, whom he accompanied to the college of Caen, in Normandy. He returned to England in 1665, and spent some years in literary work. The latter portion of his life he passed in London as ass_ist.ant to the llev. John Rowe, a dissenting minister, who h'.’id charge of an important church in Holborn. ' Gale succeeded ltowe in 1677, and died in the following year.
His principal work, The Court of the Gentiles, which appeared in parts in 166‘.-), 1671, and 1676, is a strange storehouse of miscellaneous pllilosoplxierd learning. It resembles the I/ztcllcctzml System of (‘u-lworth, though very inferior to that work both in general e011- struetion and in fundamental idea. Gale’s endeavour is to prove that the whole philosophy of the Gentiles is a distorted or mangled 1'1 production of Biblical truths. Just as Cudworth referred the ll-’-m0e1'itean doctrine of atoms to Moses as the original author, so ("tale tries to show that the various systems of Greek thought may be traced back to Biblical sources. Like most of the learned works of the 17th century, the Court of the Gentiles is chaotic and unsys- t-.-matie, while its erudition is rendered almost valueless by the complete absence of any critical discrilnination. The other writings ff Gale are The Itlca of Jmlscizisnz, 1669; T/Lcoplziltts, or a Dis- . Hrsr qf the .S':tint’s Amity 'u‘z'th God in C'lu'ist, 1671 ; A7mtouzg/ of 1 :_/z‘zlcI1't_,2/, 1672 ; Idca T/u:olo_r/ire, 1673 ; I’/u'losopIu'a General-is, 1676.
GALE, Thomas (1636–1702), an eminent classical scholar, was born at Scrnton, Yorkshire, in 1636. He was educated at Westminster School and at Trinity College, Cambridge, of which he became a fellow. In 1666 he was appointed regius professor of Greek, in 1672 headmister of St Paul’s School, in 1676 a fellow of the Royal S).-iety, and also prebendary of St Paul’s, and in 1697 dean of York. He died at York in 1702. Gale published a collection of Opusrsulw .l1'_z/t/wlo_r]z'ca, Et/ticct, ct I’/z_z/sica, and editions of several Greek and Latin authors, b11t his fame rests chiefly on his collection of old works bearing on early English llistory, entitled I[z'ston'ce llnglicrnuc Sc7'z'pt07'cs and 11 istorite 1}’rit¢umic(e, ;S'(t.7.'onicce, -l2zg[o-Dmziccc, Scriptures X1’. He is the author of the inscription on the London Monument in which the Roman Catholics are accused of having originated the great fire.
GALEN, Christoph Bernhard van (1600–1678), prince-bishop of 1Ii'mster, was descended from a noble family in Westphalia, and was born 15th October 1600. After attending the Jesuit college at Munster, and the uni'0-1‘sities of Col vgne, Mainz, Louvain, and Bordeaux, he was engaged in several diplomatic missions. Subsequently he became colonel in the army of the elector Ferdinand of B-J.va.ria, and took part in campaigns against the French and Swiss. On the death of Ferdinand he was chosen prince- bishop of Munster, but scarcely had he succeeded in restor- ing the internal prosperity of his territories, and freeing them from foreign invaders, when an insurrection arose in the city which he was unable completely to subdue till 1661. In 1664 he was chosen, along with the margrave Frederick of Baden, joint administrator of military affairs of the -llhenish alliance in its war against the Turks. After the peace that followed the victory of St Gotthard, he concluded an alliance with Charles II. of England against the Nether- lands; but through the intervention of Louis XIV. an arrangement was_:made in 1666 by which the king of the Netherlands vacated all the territories of Galen, with ~t—he peripatetie philosopher Albinus. the exception of the town of Borkelo. In 1672, in con- junction with France, Galen renewed hostilities against the Netherlands, but in the same year suffered a severe defeat at Coevorden, and although, along with the French general Turenne, he afterwards obtained several successes, he concluded a peace in 1674, by which he resigned all the advantages he had gained. In the following year he entered into an alliance with the king of Denmark and the elector of Brandenburg against Charles XI. of Sweden, and in 1676 captured Stade, the capital of the duchy of Bremen, after which he took possession of that duchy and of several places in the duchy of Verden. Subsequently he became involved in a war with East Friesland, and only consented to evacuate that territory on payment of a large sum of money. He died at Ahaus, 19th September 1678.
The Vic dc ("In-istoplm Bcrmml (Zr; G’rclcn, éeéquc (le Jlliinstcr, was published at liouen in 1679; J. Ab. Alpen’s Dc vita ct rebus gcstis Uh. Bern. dc Galen appeared at Koesfeld in 2 vols. in 1694, an abridgment of this work at Miinster in 1790, and a more extended abridgment at Ulm in 1804; and Tueking’s Gcsclticlzte dcs Stzfls zllil-nstcr untcr Galen was published at lliinster in 1865.
GALEN, or Galenus, Claudius, called Gallien by Chaucer and other writers of the Middle Ages, the most celebrated of ancient medical writers, was born at Pergamus, in Mysia, about 130 a.d. His father Nicon, from whom he received his early education, is described as remarkable both for excellence of natural disposition,'gtnd for mental culture; his mother, on the other hand, appears to have been a second Xanthippe. In 146 Galen commenced the study of medicine, and in about his twentieth year he left Pergamus for Smyrna, in order to place himself under the instruction of the anatomist and physician Pelops, and of He subsequently visited other cities, and in 158 returned from Alexandria to Pergamus. In 164 he went for the first time to Rome. There he healed Eudemus, a celebrated peripatetie philosopher, and other persons of distinction; and ere long, by his learning and unparalleled success as a physician, earned for himself the titles of “ Paradoxologus,” the wonder-speaker, and “Paradoxopoeus,” the wonder—worker, thereby incurring the jealousy and envy of his fellow-practitioners. Leaving Rome in 168, he repaired to his native city, whence he was soon sent for to Aquileia, in Venetia, by the emperors Lucius Verus and Marcus Aurelius. In 170 he returned to Reine with the latter, who, on departing thence to conduct the war on the Danube, having with difficulty been persuaded to dispense with his personal attendance, appointed him medical guardian of his son Commodus. In Rome Galen remained for some years, greatly extending his reputation as a physician, and writing some of his most important treatises. It would appear that he eventually betook himself to Pergamus, after spending some time at the island of Lemnos, where he learned the method of preparing a certain popular medicine, the “terra lemnia” or “sigillata.” Whether he ever revisited Rome is uncertain, as also are the time and place of his death. According to Suidas, he died at the age of seventy, or in the year 200, in the reign of Septimius Severus. If, however, we are to trust the testimony of Abul-faraj, one of his Arabian biographers, his decease took place in Sicily, when he was in his eightieth year. Galen was one of the most versatile and accomplished writers of his age. He composed, it is said, nearly 500 treatises on various subjects, including logic, ethics, and grammar. Of the published works attributed to him 83 are recognized as genuine, 19 are of doubtful authenticity, 45 are confessedly spurious, 19 are fragments, and 15 are notes on the writings of Hippocrates.
Stoic philosophy, was an unusually prolific writer on logic.
Of the numerous commentaries and original treatises, a