of the town in 1871 was 7193, and of the commune, which
includes Anatola, 18,385.
Gaeta is identified with Caieta, a town of great antiquity, about whose origin and name very different accounts are olfered by the various Greek and Roman writers. Virgil makes it the burial-place of Caieta the nurse of Aeneas, while Strabo connects the name with a Laconian word signifying a cavern. In Cicero's time the harbour of Caieta. was a portus celeberrimus et plenissimus navium, and it was afterwards greatly improved by Antoninus Pius. As a town, the Roman Caieta does not appear to have attained to any great development or importance. On the fall of the Western empire it became a republic, or free town, under the Byzantine govemment, and it was also the residence of the imperial praetor for Sicily. A considerable increase of its population and power resulted from the destruction of the neighbouring town of Formiae by the Arabs, in 850. In the 9th century Pope John VIII. bestowed the fief on Pandolf, count of Capua; but in 877 Duke Docibilis called in the assistance of the Arabs against the Caguans, and in the course of the 11th century we find the people of Gaeta exercising their rights for the election of their dukes. At a later period the fief became an apanage of the princes of the successive dynasties of Naples. The capture of the town by Pedro, brother of the king of Aragon, in 1435, was followed by the erection of the fortress to which so much of its subsequent importance was due. Ferdinand the Catholic and Charles V. both added to the strength of its defences. In 1707 the citadel was taken by storm by the Austrian general, Daun, after a three months’ siege; and in 1734 it was forced to capi- tulate, after a five months’ siege, by the allied army under Charles, afterwards king of Naples. In 1806 it was brilliantly defended agitinst the French, under Masséna, 'hy Prince Louis of lIessen- P ilippsthal, who was, however, severely wounded and obliged to leave the fortress to its fate. Pope Pius IX. found an asylum in the governor's palace at Gaeta in 1848, and remained there till Sep- tember 1849. In 1861 it afforded a last point of defence for Francis II. of Naples, who eapitulated to the Picdmontese on 13th February. Gaeta has given the name of Gaetani to a famous Italian family, about whose original connexion with the town there are, however, various accounts; and Antonio di Gaeta, one of the great Benedictine missionaries to Africa in the 17th century, bears the mark of his origin.
See Rosette. Brew descrizione delle case pin‘: notabili di Gaeta, reprinted by Antonio Bulifonc, at Naples, ‘n 1690; “ Geschiclitc von Gaeta," in Oester. milit. Zeiuchrift, 1323.
GÆTULIA, or the land of the Gætuli, an ancient district of somewhat uncertain limits in northern Africa. It may be roughly said to have been bounded on the N. by Mauretania and Numidia, E. by the country of the Garamantes, S. by the basin of the Niger, and W. by the Atlantic; but the frontiers must have been of a very uncertain and shifting character. The Gaetulians, who, according to a tradition mentioned by Sallust, were one of the two great aboriginal races of northern Africa, appear to have retreated inland before the encroachments of the Numidians and Mauretanians, but continued to make incursions over a wide stretch of country. Ethnographically, they were quite distinct from the negro races, and indeed probably belonged to the great Berber race, which still forms so important an element in the population of North Africa. Their southern tribes having mingled with negro tribes, acquired the distinctive title of Melano-Gaetuli or Black Gaetulians. A warlike, roving people, they bestowed great attention on the rearing of horses, and, according to Strabo, had 100,000 foals in the course of a year. They were clad in skins, lived on flesh and the milk of their cows, mares, and camels, and took almost no advantage of the valuable productions of their country. It was not till the Jugurthine war that they became familiar to the Romans ; but afterwards their name occurs with great frequency in Latin poetical literature, and, indeed, the adjective Gaetulian became little more than a synecdoche for African. Allusions are more particularly made to Gaetulian purple, which was obtained from the murex of the African coast. In the Jugurthine war some of the Gaetuhan tribes assisted the Numidian king with a contingent of horse; but during the civil war Caesar found among them very serviceable allies in his contest with Juba. Augustus, having made Numidia a Roman province, affected to assign a portion of the Gaetulian territory to Juba as a compensation; but the Gaetulians rose in revolt and massacred the Roman residents, and it was not till a severe defeat had been inflicted on them by Cossius Lentulus that they consented to recognize their gratuitous sovereign. By his victory Lentulus acquired the title of Gaetulicus. Ibn Said in the middle of the 13th century, Ibn Khaldun at the end of the 14th, Leo Africanus in the beginning of the 16th, and Marmol about sixty years later, are all quoted by M. Vivien de St Martin in his Le X07-cl de I'.lfrz'que, 1863, as mentioning a mountainous country called Gozulé, Gutziila, or Guezula in the south of Morocco. He is disposed further to identify the Gaetulians with the Godfila, who, according to lbn Said, occupied the maritime portion of the great desert, and are referred to by other Arabian geographers as the Djoddala; and it is even possible, he thinks, that their name survives in that of the Ghedala between Cape Blanco and the Lower Senegal on the one hand, and that of the Beni Guechtula in the Algerian province of Bougie on the other.
GAGE, Thomas (1720–1787), governor of Massachusetts, second son of the first Viscount Gage, was born in England in 1720. He entered the army at an early age, became lieii- teiiaiit—coloiiel of the 44th regiment of foot in 1750, was made major-general and governor of hlontreal in 1761, and in 1763 succeeded Amherst in the command of the British forces in America. In 1774 he was appointed governor of Massachusetts, and in that capacity was entrusted with carrying into effect the Boston Port Act. In this political crisis, by his hesitancy in adopting measures against the leaders of the insurrectionary party, and contenting him- self with fortifying Boston, he enabled the Americans to mature their plans in comparative security. The battle at Lexington, in which a detachment sent by him, on the 18th April 1775, to destroy the cannon and ainmunition at Concord was defeated, inaugurated the American revolu- tionary war. On the 12th June he proclaimed martial law, and prescribed Samuel Adams and John Hancock, ofifering pardon to all the other rebels who should return to their allegiance ; but the result of these measures was at once to exasperate and encourage the Americans. Although Gage gained the nominal victory of Buiiker’s Hill (J une 17), he was unable to raise the siege of Boston ; and being shortly afterwards superseded by General Howe, he sailed for England. He died in 1787.
born at Kleinniederheim, near Worms, January ‘.35, 1766. After completing his studies at the universities of Leipsic and Giittingen, he entered the service of the prince of Orange-Nassaii, whom in 1791 he represented at the ini- perial diet. He was afterwards appointed anibassadur to Paris, where he remained till the decree of Napoleon, for- bidding all persons born on the left side of the llhine to serve any other power than France, compelled him to resign his office. He then retired to Vienna, and in 1812 he endeavoured to promote insurrection against Napoleon in Tyrol. On the failure of this attempt he left Austria and joined the headquarters of the Prussian army. When the prince of Orange became king of the Netherlands, Baron Gagern was appointed his prime minister, and in 1815 he represented him at the congress of Vienna, and succeeded in obtaining for the Netherlands a considerable aggrandi'~'c- ment of territory. From 1816 to 1818 he continued to he Netherland ambassador at the German dict, where, while endeavouring to promote German unity, he also advoc :r: l the adoption of measures which should secure the indep(nd- ence of the individual states. In 18:20 he retired with a pension to his estate of Hornau, in llesse-D:ii*en<t;i(lt ; but, as a member of the first chamber of the states of the grand
duchy, he continued to take an active share in the promo-