government. It was at this very period, the close of the 15th and commencement of the 16th century, that the genius and daring of a Genoese mariner, Christopher Columbus, gave to Spain that new world, which might have become the possession of his native state, had Genoa been able to supply him with the ships and seamen which he so earnestly ciitrcated her to furnish. The government as restored by Andrea Doria, with certain modifications tending to impart to it a more conservative character, remained unchanged until the outbreak of the French Revolution and the creation of the Ligurian rclpublic. During this long period of nearly three centuries, in w iich the most dramatic incident is the conspiracy of I‘iesclii, the Genoese found no small compensation for their lost trailic in the East in the vast profits which they made as the bankers of the Spanish crown and outfitters of the Spanish armies and fleets both in the Old \Vorld and the New.
The short-lived Ligurian republic was soon swallowed up in the French empire, not, however, until Genoa had been made to experi- ence, by the terrible privations of the siege when Massena held the city against the Austrians (1800), all that was meant by a partic1- pation in the vicissitudes of the French Revolution. In 1814 Genoa rose against the French, on the assurance given by Lord \\ illiain Bentinck that the allies would restore to the republic its independ- ence. It had, however, been determined by a secret clause of the treaty of Paris that Genoa should be incorporated with the domiiiions of the king of Sardinia. The discontent created at the time by the provision of the treaty of Paris as confirmed by the congress of Vienna had doubtless no slight share in keepng alive in Genoa the republican spirit which, through the influence of a young Genoese citizen, Joseph Mazzini, assumed forms of permanent menace not only to the Sardinian monarchy but to all the established Govcrn- ments of the peninsula. Even the material benefits accruing from the union with Sardinia and the constitutional liberty accorded to all his subjects by King Charles Albert were unable to prevent the republican outbreak of 1850, when, after a short and sharp struggle the city, momentarily seized by the republican party, was recovered by General Alfonzo La Marmora. The most important of the later events in the history of Genoa has been the seizure Wltlllll its port of the five Neapolitan brigands, Cipriano La Gala and his accom- plices, who travelling with papal passports were arrested on board the French passenger steamer, the “ Annis,” by orders of the Marquis Gnalterio prefect of Genoa. Though the event threatened at first to create a rupture between the French and Italian Govern- ments, the diplomatic discussions which it called forth, and the impression generally produced throughout Europe, had no slight share in weakening the political ties which had hitherto cx1sted between the Papal Government and-France.
Among the earlier Genoese historians the most important are Bartolommeo Fazio and Jacopo Bracelli, both of the 15th century, and Paolo Parteiiopeo, Jacopo Bonfadio, Oberto FOglietta, and Agostino Giustiuiano of the 16th. Paganetti wrote the ecclesiastical history of the city; and Acciiiclli and Gaggero collected material for the ecclesiastical archteology. The memoirs of lecal writers and artists were treated by Soprani and Ratti. Among more general works are Bréquigny, IIistoire des Revolutions Ile Ge‘nes jusqu‘en 1748; Serra, La Storia rIelr antica Liguria e at Geneva (Turin, 1834); Varesi. Storia della republica (Ii Geneva sine a! 1814 (Genoa, 18:35-39); Canale. Storia def Gerzurcsi (Genoa, 15144-54), Nuora istoria deIIa repubbli'ca (Ii Geneva (Florence. 18-35), and Storia
- lwlla rep. di Genera da!l‘ anno 1528 al 1550 (Genoa, 1874); Blumentlial. Zur
Vergfussungs- uml l'erzcaltungsgeschiclite Genua‘s im 12 Jahrhumlert (Kalbe an der Saale. 1872); )Iallison, Studies from Genoese History (London, 187:3). The Liber iurium reipublicte Genuensis was edited by Ricotti in the 7th, 8th, and 9th volumes of the Monumenla historic): patriaz (Turin, 1854—1857). A great variety of interesting matter will be found in the Am: deIla Societa Ligure di Sloria palrz'a (13 volumes. from 1861—1878), and in the Giornale Liguslico di Archeo- logia, Sloria, e Bell' Arti. The history of the university has been written by Lorenzo Isnardi, and continued by Em. Celesia ('2 vols., Genoa). Belgiaiio, Della tita privata def Genotesi, P. )1. Garibaldi, State meteorologico per la cma rle Genera (for 1-‘70. &e.), and Roeca, I’esi e misure antichi (Ii Genera, may also be mentioned. A Vocabulario tascabz'le genorese-ilaliano compiled by P. F. 15. is published by the deaf-mute publishing department.
GENOVA, Luchetto da (1527–1585). This is the familiar name given to the painter Luca Cambiasi (written also Cambiaso or Cangiagio), who was born at Moueglia in the Genoese state, son of a painter named Giovanni Cambiasi. He took to drawing at a very early age, imitating his father, and developed great aptitude for foreshortening. At the age of fifteen he painted, along with his father, some subjects from Ovid’s .lletamorphoses on the front of a house in Genoa, and afterwards, in conjunction with Calvi, a ceiling showing great daring of execution, in the Palazzo Doria. He also formed an early friendship with Giambat- tista Castelle; both artists painted together, with so much similarity of style that their works could hardly be told apart ; from this friend Cambiasi learned much in the way of perspective and architecture. Luchetto’s best artistic period lasted for twelve years after his first successes ; from that. time he declined in power, though not at once in re- putation, owing to the agitations and vexations brought upon him by a Passion which he conceived for his sister-in-law. His wife having died, and the sister-in-law having taken charge of his house and children, he endeavoured to procure a papal dispensation for marrying her ; but in this he was disappointed. In 1583 he accepted an invitation from Philip II. to continue in the Escoriala series of frescos which had been begun by Castello, now deceased ; and it is said that one principal reason for his closing with this offer was that he hoped to bring the royal influence to bear upon the pope, but in this again he failed. lVorn out with his disquietudes, he died in the Escorial in the second year of his sojourn. Cambiasi had an ardent fancy, and was a bold designer in a Raphaelesque mode. His extreme facility astonished the Spanish painters; and it is said that l‘hilip II., watching one day with pleasure the offhand zest with which Luchetto was painting a head of a laughing child, was allowed the further surprise of seeing the laugh changed, by a touch or two upon the lips, into a weeping expression. The artist painted sometimes with a brush in each hand, and with a certainty equalling or transcending that even of Tiutoret. He made a vast number of drawings, and was also something of a sculptor, executing in this branch of art a figure of Faith. Altogether he ranks as one of the ablest artists of his day. In personal character, notwith- standing his executive energy, he is reported to have been timid and diffideut. His son Orazio became likewise a painter, studying under Luchetto.
The best works of Cambiasi are to be seen in Genoa. In the church of St George—the martyrdom of that saint; in the Palazzo Imperiali, Terralba, a Genoese suburb—a fresco of the Rape of the Sabines; in S. Maria da Carignano—a Pieta, containing his own portrait and (according to tradition) that of his beloved sister-in- law. In the Escorial he executed several pictures: one is a Para- dise on the vaulting of the church, with a multitude of figures. For this picture he received 12,000 ducats, probably the largest sum that had, up to that time, ever been given for a single work.
GENOVESI, Antonio (1712–1769), an Italian writer on philosophy and political economy, was born in November 1712, at Castiglione, near Salerno. At an early age he was destined by his father for the church and began the study of philosophy and theology. He distinguished himself highly by his acuteness and diligence, and after some struggles, caused. by his disinclination for an ecclesiastical life, he took orders at Salerno in 1736. He had not been long in this position when the archbishop of the town, re- cognizing his rare abilities, nominated him to the chair of rhetoric in the theological seminary. During this period of his life Genovesi began the study of philosophy as it ex— isted outside the limits of theology. He read with eager— ness the works of the chief modern philosophers, and was particularly attracted by Locke.
Genovesi, resigning his post at Salerno, proceeded to Rome, undertook the study of law, and qualified as an advocate. The details of legal practice, however, proved as distasteful as theology, and for some years he gave himself entirely to the study of philosophy, attending most of the distinguished lecturers at the university of Naples. At this place, after having obtained the appointment of extraordinary professor of philosophy, he opened a seminary or private College for students. His reputation as a teacher was increased by the publication in 17 43 of the first volume of his Elements of Illetaphysics, and in 17 45 of his Logic. loth works are imbued with the spirit and principles of the empirical school of philosophy, and the latter, an eminently practical treatise, had long a recognized position as one of the best logical text-books written from the point of View of Locke. On account of the accusations of infidelity and heresy naturally excited by his discussion of metaphysical prin- ciples, he had some dilliculty .iu obtaining the professor-
ship of moral philosolmy, and failed to be appointed to the