Palaces. Benevo- lent insti- tutions. 156 several times rebuilt. The famous painting of the martyr— I dom of St Stephen, by Giulio llomano, carried otf by Napoleon in 1811, was restored to the church in 1815. The lladalena, as it now stands, was built by Andrea Vannone about the close of the 16th century; and -San Filippo Neri was rebuilt in the close of the 17th century at the expense of the Pallavicini family. S. Matteo, the church of the I)'Oria or 1)oria family, was founded in 1126 by _Iartiuo Doria, and the present edifice, after the designs of Montorsoli, dates from 1543. In the crypt is the tomb of Andrea Doria the Great by the same Monter- soli, and above the main altar hangs the dagger presented to the doge by Pope Paul III. The palaces of the Genoese patricians are famous for their sumptuous architecture and their artistic collec- tions. The 1’alazzo Iiosso, or Red Palace, erected in the middle of the 17th century, was in 1874 presented to the city by Maria, the wife of Ratfaele de Ferrari, duke of Galliera, and her son Filippo de Ferrari, along with its library and picture gallery. The old palace of the doges, now the seat of the prefecture, was rebuilt in the 16th century, and again restored after a great fire in 1777 ; the neighbouring tower, from which the magis- trates were summoned by toll of bell, dates from the beginning of the 14th century. A sixteenth century palace, formerly the property of the dukes of Turin, is now occupied by the municipality, and contains among its more curious treasures a bronze tablet (117 A.D.), with an inscription relating to a dispute between Genoa and a neighbouring castle, two autograph letters of Columbus, and Pagauini’s violin. The inscription, dis- covered in 1506, was printed for the first time in 1520 by Brucelli, whose works form part of Graevius’s T/zesaurus, and among its modern commentators are Serra in the Transactions of the Imperial Academy of Genoa, and Simoni and Grassi in the Transactions of the Ligurian Society of Native History. The palace which was pre- sented in 1528 by the republic to Andrea Doria is a large building of the 15th century, restored and extended under the doge’s direction, and decorated with frescos by Periuo del Vaga. The royal palace, built in the middle of the 16th century for the Durazzo family, was acquired by Victor Emmanuel in 1817. Among other buildings of the same class, the Durazzo palaces in the Via Nuovissima, and the Via Balbi, the B-albi Senarega in the Via Balbi, the Sarra palace in the Via N nova, and the Pallavicino in the Piazza Fontane Morose are worthy of note. Of most historical interest among the benevolent institutions of Genoa is the hospital of 1’ammatone(Ospedale eivile di Pammatone), a vast edifice contiguous to the public park of Acquasola. It owes its origin to the bequest in 1429 of Bartolommeo Bosco; and the ex- cellence of the infirmary thus established caused the citizens to procure permission from Sixtus V. to divert the funds of all similar minor foundations to its support. New buildings were erected in 1626 by Giacomo Saluzzo, and still larger additions were made in 1758, under the superintendence of Andrea Orsolino. Under the same committee with the general hospital is the hospital for in- curables (Ospedale dei Cronici, originally Ridotto degli Ineurabili), instituted towards the end of the 15th century by Ettore Vernazza, and taken under the direct control of the civil authorities in 1500. The great poorhouse (Albergo dei 1’overi), dating from about 1665, IS a vast building, after designs by Stefano Scaniglia, covering no less than 215,280 square feet, and accommodating 1400 inmates, who manufacture cotton and woollen cloth, furniture, embroidery, &e. The so-called Conservatorio delle F icsehine was founded in 1763, in accordance_with the will of Domenico Fieschi, as an asylum for destitute girls ; and in 1783 his widow lcft 80,000 lire to provide a dowry of 500 lirc for any of the inmates leaving the institution to be married or to take the veil. A considerable reputation has been acquired by the flowcr-makers of this institution. The sums bequeathed for charitable purposes during 1863-75 amounted to 3,798,106 francs, in addition to the immense dona~ tions (about thirty millions of francs) of the deceased duke of Galliera. The highest educational institution in Genoa is the royal univer- GENOA sity, which occupies a palace in the Via Balbi, originally built Uni- about 1623 for the Jesuit fathers entrusted by the magistrates with vcrsity the supervision of education in 1572. The republic had received the right of conferring degrees from l‘opc Sixtus IV. as early as‘ 1471, a privilege confirmed by the emperor Maximilian l. in 1496. On the dissolution of the Jesuits the administration of the college passed into the hands of the republic, and the provisional Govern- ment of1797 reinauguratcd it as a university in 1803. In 1808, during the French occupation, it was assimilated to the other im- perial academics, so that its present organization may be said to date only from 1812. It numbers about 400 students, who have the advantage of a physical and a natural history museum, an anatomical cabinet, a meteorological observatory, a botanical garden, and a library. The library, originated by the Jesuits, numbers about 80,000 volumes, among which none is considered of greater value by the Genocse than the manuscript collection of the laws and enactments of their republic, Libcr _jur1'u)/L comm unis School; Jzmuensis. In Genoa, as elsewhere in Italy, great advance has been made both in secondary and primary education since 1807: in 1877 the city possessed two gymnasimns, a lyceum named after Christopher Columbus, three technical schools, a high school for female education opened by the municipality in 1874, a fclllale. normal school dating from 1859, a teachers‘ training school founded in 1861, and upwards of 40 infant schools (Asili d‘ lnfanzia), of which the first was opened in 1840. The royal technical institute Institu comprises three distinct sections—a professional industrial institute, (ions f, an institute of mercantile marine, and a system of evening classes 3113 M in mathematics, chemistry, mechanics, &c.; and a royal naval Science college was opened in 1873. The Ligurian academy of the fine arts owed its origin in 1751 to Francesco Maria Doria, and the palazzo in which its museums and galleries are situated was erected in 1831 by Carlo Barabino. A musical institute, founded by Antonio Costa and maintained by the municipality, has rooms in the convent of St Philip Ncri. A society for the promotion of the fine arts dates from 1849, the Ligurian society of native history from 1857, and a society for the arts and industries of Liguria from 1871. Ilcsidcs the university library there are four public libraries-the llibliotcca Civieo-Bcriana (40,000), presented to the nnmicipality by Victor Iimmamucl I ., to whom it had been bequeathed; the Bibliotcca dclla lllissione L'rbana(-10,000), a noble collection rich in manu- scri its of Ligurian history and Greek codices, which owes its origin to t ie lcgacy of Gerolamo Franzone in 1727 ; the I-liblioteca Fran- zoniana (12,000), due to the same G. l-‘ranzonc, and administered by the congregation of “ Evangelical Vorkmen "; and, lastly, the line library which forms part of the great legacy in the l’alazzo tosso. A museum of natural history (Mnsco Civico di St. N-at.), opened in the Villetta di Negro in 1873, is worthy of special note for the collections made by Giacomo Doria, Ileccari, I)’.-lbcrtis, and Antinori. Picture galleries are to be found in many of the Pictur ancient palaces, and in two at least, the Palazzo Ilosso and the gulleri Ilalazzo Bianco, the collections are of great value. An excellent law forbids the removal from the city or province of any object of ancient art without the sanction of a commission under the presi- dency ot' the prefect. In 1877 the Genocse had a choice of about a Theatt dozen theatres, small and great, inclusive of those in Sampierdarcna. Of these the greatest is the C‘arlo Felice, erected in 1826-28 under the patronage of the king whose name it bears. The National Theatre, rebuilt in 1790, dates originally from 1702, and it has an older rival in the Tcatro del Falconc, which is associated with the life of Goldoni, and now serves as court theatre. The mountainous character of the surrounding country has Comm rendered it a difficult task to supply Genoa with suilicient means cation. of railway communication; in the 20 miles, for example, betvecn the city an(l Arquata there are clevcn tunnels, that of Giovi being upwards of 2 miles long. The line to the north through the valley of the Polccvcra, which joins the general Italian system at Ales- sandria, was opened about 1853; but it was not till 1870 that the western line was completed so as to give a continuous route from France, and it was November 1874 before the eastern section be- tween Scstri di Lcvantc and Spezia established a connexion with the lines along the western coast of Italy. Since that date, ho'.'.'_- ever, passengers and goods can be conveyed by rail from Calais to Otranto. There are two stations in the city,—one for the west and north, and the other for the east and south,——conncctcd since 1871 by a t11nncl 7518 feet in length. Though its existence as a maritime power was originally due to Ilarbal its port, Genoa has only begun since 1870 to construct the con- veniences necessary for the modern development of its trade. As carly as 1134 the old pier (Molo Vecehio) was in existence, stretch- ing westward into the gulf; and in 1639 the new pier (Mole Nnovo) from the other side of the gulf was connnencet , after the plans of Ansaldo dc llari. Up to 1878 the former had a length of 2800 feet, and the latter was 0111?! slightly longer. The harbour thus formed was in some respects . good one ; the bottom being of clay furnished excellent auc orage, and within the new pier there was depth for the largest class of vessels. But a swell was always w a felt whenever the wind was at any point between S.V. and SJ;
Librar