half. The colour of the upper part of the body is a rusty grey, and of the under part white, while these are separated from each other by a well-defined black band on each side. These bands unite on the breast, and are continued as a single black band until reaching the lower jaw, when they again divide and form two transverse bands on the head, termin- ating at the base of the horns. The head otherwise is white, as also are the limbs, with the exception of the thighs, which are black. The striking appearance presented by this antelope is in great part due to the absence of any blending in the different colours of its body. The gems- bok avoids the woods, living on the open plains in pairs or in small groups of four or five. Possessing powerful weapons of attack in its long spear-like horns, and with ample courage to use them, this animal, especially when wounded, is a formidable antagonist both to man and to the numerous beasts of prey which are attracted to the karroos of the Cape by the presence of this and other ruminant species. It is said to defend itself not unfrequently with success against the lion. Its flesh is esteemed as a delicacy,
and its hide forms a valuable leather.GENDARMERIE, a body of troops or police in France, composed of gendarmcs, or men-at-arms. In the days of chivalry they were mounted and armed cap-a-pie, and attended each by five soldiers of inferior rank and more lightly armed. They were then furnished by the flats, and marched in the train of the knights and esquires. In 1439 this feudal gendarmerie was replaced by the compagm'es d’onlonnance which Charles VII. formed when the English were driven out of France, and which were distributed throughout the whole extent of the kingdom for preserving order and maintaining the king’s authority. These companies, fifteen in number, were composed of 100 lances or gendarmes fully equipped, each of whom was attended by at least three archers, one coutillz'cr (soldier armed with a cutlass) and one varlet (soldier’s servant). The states-general of Orleans (1439) had voted a yearly subsidy of 1,200,000 livres in perpetuity to keep up this national soldiery, which replaced the bands of mercenaries who for about a century had made France their prey. The number and composition of the compagm'cs d’ordommnce were changed more than once before the reign ofLouis XIV. This sovereign on his accession to the throne found only eight companies of gendarmes; but after the victory of Fleurus (1690), which had been decided by their courage, he increased their number to sixteen. The four first companies were designated by the names of Gendarmes écossaz's, G'enclurmes anglais, Gendarmes bourguignons, and Gen- (larmesflamands, from the nationality of the soldiers who had originally composed them ; but at that time they con- sisted entirely of French soldiers and officers. These four companies had a captain—general, who was the king. The fifth company was that of the queen; and the others bore the name of the princes who respectively commanded them. This organization lasted till 1787, when Louis XVI. dis- solved it, only retaining the Gendarmes écossais in his body- guard. The great Revolution swept away all these institu- tions of the monarchy, and, With the exception of a short revival of the Gendarmes de la garde at the Restoration, the word gendarmerie had thenceforth an altogether different meaning. It has been since that time employed to denote a military police, whose duties are to watch over the public safety, keep order, and enforce the execution of the laws. This police force superseded the old maréchaussée.
The law of the 28th Germinal, An VI. (17th April 1797), and the royal ordinance of the 29th October 1820, organized the gen- darmerie, and laid down the general rules that are still in force, dividing it into legions and companies, and the latter into brigades. In time of war a colonel of gendarmerie, with the title of I/rand- préwl, is attached to the army with a detachment of gendarmes, for maintaining discipline among the soldiers. Though placed under the control of the minister of war, the gendarmerie is also at the disposal of the minister of the interior as a police force, of the minister of justice as agents to secure the execution of judicial sen- tences and police regulations, and also of the minister of marine and colonies for enforcing his authority over marines and sailors in the colonies and sea-towns of France. The gcmlarmerie of l‘aris constitutes a special corps established first in 1802, aml successively called Gcntla-rmcric de Paris, (I'm-dc royalc, and Gardc manic-[palm Suppressed by the provisional Government in 1848, the Uarde dc Paris was soon reorganized. It is now composed of 6 squadrons of cavalry and 24 companies of infantry, and is officially styled (innit républicainc dc Paris. Both in the Gardc 7't‘1ntI/licainc and in the légions, the gendarmcs consist for the most part of deserving soldiers of the regular army, who have been drafted into this ser- vice, where, with other privileges, they havu a much highu- rate of pay than the soldiers of the line. Their total numlu rs are about 40,000, .made up of the Garde dc Paris as al.0vc, 31 pro- vincial legions, 1 legion of gendarmerie mobile, and the U 'Ndvu'mrl'ffi colonialc.
Russia also has a gendarmerie, a secret police appointed in all towns of the empire to watch over Russian subjects of all ranks- and classes, and to report to the Chancery office such information as they receive from their detectives and secret agents.
For the history of the old French gendarmerie before 1789 see Chérucl, I) ictz'onnairc historiquc dcs institutions do In France, :2 vols. , aml Lacroix, Vic mililai-rc ct rcligz'cusc (m moycn (If/I? ct d l'r'poquc dc Ia Renaissance; and for the present gendarmerie, It'i'organisulion dc la Gendarmcrz'c, 1871, and Ammairc militm'rc, 1877.
(ycvcahoyt’a), which occurs twice in the New Testament (1 Tim. i. 4; Tit. iii. 9; compare also Heb. vii. 3, 6) in the ordinary concrete sense of “ pedigree” or “ list of ancestors,” is of somewhat frequent occurrence in the authorized version of the Old Testament scriptures, but only in Chronicles- Ezra-Nehemiah, where the words 3'02 and C'DZDU, which are peculiar to that work, are invariably rendered “ genealogy" and “to reckon by genealogy.” This translation, however, is of somewhat doubtful accuracy; for, whatever the original meaning of the root 3'0; may have been,[1] there seems to be no room for doubt that the noun and the verb connected with it were used in later Hebrew simply to denote respectively the roll and the act of registration; and that the “book” alluded to in Neh. vii. 5 (in A. V. “ register of the genealogy”) was genealogical only in so far as the individuals registered in it were classified according to their “houses,” “families,” and “tribes.” While I catalogue of this sort was admirably fitted to be a per- manent record of tribal relations in Israel, as these subsisted at the time of its compilation, there is not any reason to suppose that it made any attempt to trace them through
previous generations.[2] The scripture genealogies, properly
- ↑ According to EWald (Gcsch. (I. l'. Isr. i. 261, cf. All. 363), it meant properly “to count.” In the LXX. the Hithpacl is rendered differently in each passage where it OCcurs; (’7 syeaAoyfiO-n is only once given. In Ezra ii. 62 the translation is Waugh-hi! airrdw oi [.Leowea'efp (Vulg., scripturam genealogize sum); in Nell. vii. 64 it is ypaqbiyy Earn-62w Tfis auvofifas (scripturam suam in censu). It may be added that the habit of taking a written census of sections of the population, or even of the entire nation, was obviously not unfamiliar to the Jews. This appears from numerous indications in the earlier historical books, e. (1., Nnm. i. 18, where the word (used here only) is #1: mu, as well as in ChroniclesEzra-Nehemiah. Compare also Ezek. xiii. 9 and Ps. lxxxvii. 6.
- ↑ When, for example, we read in 1 Chr. vii. 6, 7 that Benjamin had three sons (Bela, Becher, and Jediael); in viii. 1, 2 that he had .five (Bela, Ashbel, Aharah, Nohah, and Rapha); in Numb. xmi. 38 again that he had five, but that their names were Belah, Ashbel, Ahiram, Shu- pham, and Ilupham; and, finally, in Gen. xlvi. 21 that they numbered ten “souls” (Bela, Becher, Ashbel, Gera, Naaman, Ehi, ROsh, Muppim, IIuppim, and Ard); or when the descendants of Bela are Varioust given, in 1 Chr. vii. 7 as Ezbon, Uzzi, Uzzxel, Jcrimoth, and Iri ; in 1 Chr. viii. 3~5, as Addar, Gera, Abihud, Abishua, Naaman, Ahoah, Gera, Shephuphan, and Iluram; and in Numb. xxvi. 40 as Ard an-l Naaman, the simple explanation (after all due allowance for corrup- tions in the text has been made) seems to be, that in the course of a long history the Benjamite tribe included a varying number of families or clans with varying names. Similar instances might be indefinitely multiplied. It ought to be added, however, that criticism has not yt-t by any means completed its task on the book of Chronicles in its genea- logical bearings. See \Vellhausen, (r'cschichte Israels, i. 230 89., 18: 8.
