the rule of canon law being sancitum est ut unicuique ecclesiae unus mansus integer absque ullo servitio tribuatur (Phillimore, Eccles. Law, 1895, ii. 1125). The word is now chiefly used for the residence of a minister of the Established Church of Scotland; to this every minister of a rural parish is entitled, and the landed proprietors must build and keep it up. “Manse” is also loosely used for the residence of a minister of various Free Church denominations (see Glebe).
MANSEL, HENRY LONGUEVILLE (1820–1871), English
philosopher, was born at Cosgrove, Northamptonshire (where his
father, also Henry Longueville Mansel, fourth son of General
John Mansel, was rector), on the 6th of October 1820. He was
educated at Merchant Taylors’ School and St John’s College,
Oxford. He took a double first in 1843, and became tutor of his
college. He was appointed reader in moral and metaphysical
philosophy at Magdalen College in 1855, and Waynflete professor
in 1859. He was a great opponent of university reform and
of the Hegelianism which was then beginning to take root in
Oxford. In 1867 he succeeded A. P. Stanley as professor of
ecclesiastical history, and in 1868 he was appointed dean of St
Paul’s. He died on the 31st of July 1871.
The philosophy of Mansel, like that of Sir William Hamilton, was mainly due to Aristotle, Kant and Reid. Like Hamilton, Mansel maintained the purely formal character of logic, the duality of consciousness as testifying to both self and the external world, and the limitation of knowledge to the finite and “conditioned.” His doctrines were developed in his edition of Aldrich’s Artis logicae rudimenta (1849)—his chief contribution to the reviving study of Aristotle—and in his Prolegomena logica: an Inquiry into the Psychological Character of Logical Processes (1851, 2nd ed. enlarged 1862), in which the limits of logic as the “science of formal thinking” are rigorously determined. In his Bampton lectures on The Limits of Religious Thought (1858, 5th ed. 1867; Danish trans. 1888) he applied to Christian theology the metaphysical agnosticism which seemed to result from Kant’s criticism, and which had been developed in Hamilton’s Philosophy of the Unconditioned. While denying all knowledge of the supersensuous, Mansel deviated from Kant in contending that cognition of the ego as it really is is itself a fact of experience. Consciousness, he held—agreeing thus with the doctrine of “natural realism” which Hamilton developed from Reid—implies knowledge both of self and of the external world. The latter Mansel’s psychology reduces to consciousness of our organism as extended; with the former is given consciousness of free will and moral obligation. A summary of his philosophy is contained in his article “Metaphysics” in the 8th edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica (separately published, 1860). Mansel wrote also The Philosophy of the Conditioned (1866) in reply to Mill’s criticism of Hamilton; Letters, Lectures, and Reviews (ed. Chandler, 1873), and The Gnostic Heresies (ed. J. B. Lightfoot, 1875, with a biographical sketch by Lord Carnarvon). He wrote a commentary on the first two gospels in the Speaker’s Commentary.
See J. W. Burgon, Lives of Twelve Good Men (1888–1889); James Martineau, Essays, Reviews and Addresses (London, 1891), iii. 117 seq.; A. W. Benn, History of Rationalism (1906), ii. 100–112; Masson, Recent British Philosophy (3rd ed., London, 1877), pp. 252 seq.; Sir Leslie Stephen in Dict. Nat. Biog.
MANSFELD, the name of an old and illustrious German family
which took its name from Mansfeld in Saxony, where it was
seated from the 11th to the 18th century. One of its earliest
members was Hoyer von Mansfeld (d. 1115), a partisan of the
emperor Henry V. during his struggles with the Saxons; he
fought for Henry at Warnstädt and was killed in his service at
Welfesholz. Still more famous was Albert, count of Mansfeld
(1480–1560), an intimate friend of Luther and one of the earliest
and staunchest supporters of the Reformation. He helped to crush
the rising of the peasants under Thomas Munzer in Thuringia
in 1525; he was a member of the league of Schmalkalden,
and took part in all the movements of the Protestants against
Charles V. With Albert was associated his brother Gebhard,
and another member of the family was Johann Gebhard, elector
of Cologne from 1558 to 1562. A scion of another branch of
the Mansfelds was Peter Ernst, Fürst von Mansfeld (1517–1604),
governor of Luxemburg, who unlike his kinsmen was loyal to
Charles V. He went with the emperor to Tunis and fought
for him in France. He was equally loyal to his son, Philip II.
of Spain, whom he served at St Quentin and in the Netherlands.
He distinguished himself in the field and found time to lead a
body of troops to aid the king of France against the Huguenots.
In this capacity he was present in 1569 at the battle of
Moncontour, where another member of his family, Count
Wolrad of Mansfeld (d. 1578) was among the Huguenot
leaders. The Mansfeld family became extinct in 1780 on the
death of Josef Wenzel Nepomuk, prince of Fondi, the lands
being divided between Saxony and Prussia.
See L. F. Niemann, Geschichte der Grafen von Mansfeld (Aschersleben, 1834).
MANSFELD, ERNST, Graf von (c. 1580–1626), German
soldier, was an illegitimate son of Peter Ernst, Fürst von Mansfeld,
and passed his early years in his father’s palace at Luxemburg.
He gained his earliest military experiences in Hungary, where
his half-brother Charles (1543–1595,) also a soldier of renown,
held a high command in the imperial army. Later he served
under the Archduke Leopold, until that prince’s ingratitude,
real or fancied, drove him into the arms of the enemies of the
house of Habsburg. Although remaining a Roman Catholic he
allied himself with the Protestant princes, and during the earlier
part of the Thirty Years’ War he was one of their foremost
champions. He was despatched by Charles Emmanuel, duke
of Savoy, at the head of about 2000 men to aid the revolting
Bohemians when war broke out in 1618. He took Pilsen, but
in the summer of 1619 he was defeated at Zablat; after this he
offered his services to the emperor Ferdinand II. and remained
inactive while the titular king of Bohemia, Frederick V., elector
palatine of the Rhine, was driven in headlong rout from Prague.
Mansfeld, however, was soon appointed by Frederick to command
his army in Bohemia, and in 1621 he took up his position in the
Upper Palatinate, successfully resisting the efforts made by
Tilly to dislodge him. From the Upper he passed into the
Rhenish Palatinate. Here he relieved Frankenthal and took
Hagenau; then, joined by his master, the elector Frederick, he
defeated Tilly at Wiesloch in April 1622 and plundered Alsace
and Hesse. But Mansfeld’s ravages were not confined to the
lands of his enemies; they were ruinous to the districts he was
commissioned to defend. At length Frederick was obliged to
dismiss Mansfeld’s troops from his service. Then joining
Christian of Brunswick the count led his army through Lorraine,
devastating the country as he went, and in August 1622 defeating
the Spaniards at Fleurus. He next entered the service of the
United Provinces and took up his quarters in East Friesland,
capturing fortresses and inflicting great hardships upon the
inhabitants. A mercenary and a leader of mercenaries, Mansfeld
often interrupted his campaigns by journeys made for the
purpose of raising money, or in other words of selling his services
to the highest bidder, and in these diplomatic matters he showed
considerable skill. About 1624 he paid three visits to London,
where he was hailed as a hero by the populace, and at least one
to Paris. James I. was anxious to furnish him with men and
money for the recovery of the palatinate, but it was not until
January 1625 that Mansfeld and his army of “raw and poor
rascals” sailed from Dover to the Netherlands. Later in the
year, the Thirty Years’ War having been renewed under the
leadership of Christian IV., king of Denmark, he re-entered
Germany to take part therein. But on the 25th of April 1626
Wallenstein inflicted a severe defeat upon him at the bridge of
Dessau. Mansfeld, however, quickly raised another army,
with which he intended to attack the hereditary lands of the
house of Austria, and pursued by Wallenstein he pressed forward
towards Hungary, where he hoped to accomplish his purpose
by the aid of Bethlem Gabor, prince of Transylvania. But when
Gabor changed his policy and made peace with the emperor,
Mansfeld was compelled to disband his troops. He set out for
Venice, but when he reached Rakowitza he was taken ill, and
