Canadian) has gained ground at the expense both of the home-made and of the foreign. Again, comparing 1891 with 1900, the import of cheese into the United Kingdom increased to the extent of only 24,500 tons, so that it shows no expansion comparable with that of butter, which increased by about 70,000 tons. Simultaneously the estimated home production diminished by 17,000 tons.
into the United Kingdom for the Ten Years ended 30th June 1900.
| Year ended 30th June. | Home Production, estimated. | Imported Colonial. | Imported Foreign. | Total. |
| Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | |
| 1891 | 147,078 | 43,228 | 60,816 | 251,122 |
| 1892 | 148,624 | 45,781 | 59,452 | 253,857 |
| 1893 | 140,394 | 55,549 | 56,767 | 252,710 |
| 1894 | 131,843 | 57,322 | 52,498 | 241,663 |
| 1895 | 150,611 | 61,622 | 52,570 | 264,803 |
| 1896 | 137,148 | 62,478 | 44,569 | 244,195 |
| 1897 | 130,000 | 67,028 | 46,317 | 243,345 |
| 1898 | 148,260 | 77,620 | 49,114 | 274,994 |
| 1899 | 150,000 | 73,752 | 46,985 | 270,737 |
| 1900 | 130,000 | 74,702 | 53,903 | 258,605 |
| 10 Years’ Average | 141,396 | 61,908 | 52,299 | 255,603 |
In imported colonial cheese Canada virtually has the field to itself, for the only other colonial cheese which finds its way into the United Kingdom is from New Zealand, but the amount of this kind is comparatively insignificant, having been in 1900 only 4000 tons out of a total import of 128,600 tons. Australia, in several seasons since 1891, sent small quantities, but they are not worth quoting.
From foreign countries the decline in the export of cheese is mainly in the case of the United States, which shipped to British ports 10,000 tons less in 1900 than in 1891. France also is losing its cheese trade in British markets, and is being supplanted by Belgium. In 1891 France supplied over 3000 tons, in 1900 the import was below 2000 tons. Belgium in 1891 supplied less than 1000 tons, but in 1900 contributed 2600 tons. The import trade in Dutch cheese remains almost stationary. In 1891 it amounted to 15,300 tons, in 1899 it was 15,600 tons, whilst in 1900, owing to exceptionally high prices, which stimulated the manufacture, it reached 17,000 tons.
Table XV.—Annual Imports of Cheese into the United Kingdom,
1897–1900.
| From | 1897. | 1898. | 1899. | 1900. |
| Cwt. | Cwt. | Cwt. | Cwt. | |
| Canada | 1,526,664 | 1,432,181 | 1,337,198 | 1,511,872 |
| United States | 631,616 | 485,995 | 590,737 | 680,583 |
| Holland | 297,604 | 292,925 | 328,541 | 327,817 |
| Australasia | 68,615 | 44,608 | 32,294 | 86,513 |
| France | 36,358 | 33,086 | 34,307 | 35,110 |
| Other countries | 42,321 | 50,657 | 60,992 | 69,910 |
| Total | 2,603,178 | 2,339,452 | 2,384,069 | 2,711,805 |
| % | % | % | % | |
| Canada | 58.6 | 61.2 | 56.1 | 55.8 |
| United States | 24.3 | 20.8 | 24.8 | 25.1 |
| Holland | 11.4 | 12.5 | 13.8 | 12.0 |
| Australasia | 2.7 | 1.9 | 1.3 | 3.2 |
| France | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.3 |
| Other countries | 1.6 | 2.2 | 2.6 | 2.6 |
| Total | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Over 80% of the cheese imported into the United Kingdom is derived from North America, but the bulk of the trade belongs to Canada, which supplies nearly 60% of the entire import. The value of the cheese exported from Canada to the United Kingdom in the calendar year 1900 was close upon £3,800,000. As is shown in Table XV. below, Holland, Australasia and France participate in this trade, whilst amongst the “other countries” are Germany, Italy and Russia. The cheese sent from North America and Australasia is mostly of the substantial Cheddar type, whereas soft or “fancy” cheese is the dominant feature of the French shipments. Thus, in the calendar year 1900 the average price of the cheese imported into the United Kingdom from France was 61s. per cwt., whilst the average value of the cheese from all other sources was 50s. per cwt., there being a difference of 11s. in favour of the “soft” cheese of France.
The imports of butter and margarine into the United Kingdom were not separately distinguished before the year 1886. Previous to that date they amounted, at five-year intervals, to the following aggregate quantities:—
| 1870. | 1875. | 1880. | 1885. | |
| Cwt. | 1,159,210 | 1,467,870 | 2,326,305 | 2,401,373 |
For the same years the imports of cheese registered the subjoined totals:—
| 1870. | 1875. | 1880. | 1885. | |
| Cwt. | 1,041,281 | 1,627,748 | 1,775,997 | 1,833,832 |
The imports of butter and margarine, both separately and together, and also the imports of cheese in each year from 1886 to 1900 inclusive, are set out in Table XVI., the most significant feature of which is the rapid expansion it shows in the imports of butter. In the space of nine years, between 1887 and 1896, the quantity was doubled. On the other hand, the general tendency of the imports of margarine, which have been much more uniform than those of butter, has been in the direction of decline since 1892. It is necessary, however, to point out that there has been an increase in the number of margarine factories in the United Kingdom, and in the quantity of margarine manufactured in them, during the last few years. Taking the imports of butter and margarine together, the aggregate in 1889 and also in 1900 was practically three times as large as a quarter of a century earlier, in 1875. The imports of cheese have increased at a less rapid rate than those of butter, and the quantity imported in 1900, which was a maximum, fell considerably short of twice the quantity in 1875. In 1886, 1887, 1888, 1890 and 1892 the imports of cheese exceeded those of butter, but since the last-named year those of butter have always been the larger, and 1899 were fully a million cwt. more than the cheese imports. The cheapness of imported fresh meat has probably had the effect of checking the growth of the demand for cheese amongst the industrial classes.
Table XVI.—Imports of Butter, Margarine and Cheese into the
United Kingdom, 1886–1900.
| Year. | Butter. | Margarine. | Total Butter and Margarine. | Cheese. |
| Cwt. | Cwt. | Cwt. | Cwt. | |
| 1886 | 1,543,566 | 887,974 | 2,431,540 | 1,734,890 |
| 1887 | 1,513,134 | 1,276,140 | 2,789,274 | 1,836,789 |
| 1888 | 1,671,433 | 1,139,743 | 2,811,176 | 1,917,616 |
| 1899 | 1,927,842 | 1,241,690 | 3,169,532 | 1,907,999 |
| 1890 | 2,027,717 | 1,079,856 | 3,107,573 | 2,144,074 |
| 1891 | 2,135,607 | 1,235,430 | 3,371,037 | 2,041,325 |
| 1892 | 2,183,009 | 1,305,350 | 3,488,359 | 2,232,817 |
| 1893 | 2,327,474 | 1,299,970 | 3,627,444 | 2,077,462 |
| 1894 | 2,574,835 | 1,109,325 | 3,684,160 | 2,266,145 |
| 1895 | 2,825,662 | 940,168 | 3,765,830 | 2,133,819 |
| 1896 | 3,037,718 | 925,934 | 3,963,652 | 2,244,525 |
| 1897 | 3,217,802 | 936,543 | 4,154,345 | 2,603,178 |
| 1898 | 3,209,153 | 900,615 | 4,343,026 | 2,384,069 |
| 1999 | 3,389,851 | 953,175 | 4,343,026 | 2,384,069 |
| 1900 | 3,378,516 | 920,416 | 4,298,932 | 2,711,805 |
The imports of condensed milk into the United Kingdom were not separately distinguished before 1888. In that year they amounted to 352,332 cwt. The quantities imported in subsequent years were the following:—
| Year. | Cwt. | Year. | Cwt. | Year. | Cwt. |
| 1889 | 389,892 | 1893 | 501,005 | 1897 | 756,243 |
| 1890 | 407,426 | 1894 | 529,465 | 1898 | 817,274 |
| 1891 | 444,666 | 1895 | 545,394 | 1899 | 824,599 |
| 1892 | 481,374 | 1896 | 611,335 | 1900 | 986,741 |
The quantity thus increased continuously in each year after 1889, with the result that in 1900 the imports had grown to nearly three times the amount of those in 1889. Simultaneously, over the period 1889–1900 the annual value of the imports steadily advanced from £704,849 to £1,405,033. Thus, while the imports of condensed milk trebled in quantity, they doubled in value. A fair proportion is, however, exported, as is shown in the following statement of exports of imported condensed milk for the four years 1897 to 1900:—
| 1897. | 1898. | 1899. | 1900. | |
| Quantity, cwt. | 143,932 | 133,596 | 118,394 | 164,602 |
| Value | £274,578 | £256,525 | £228,446 | £309,460 |
There is also an export trade in condensed milk made in the United Kingdom. Thus, in 1892 the exports of home-made condensed milk amounted to 61,442 cwt., valued at £133,556. By 1896 the quantity had almost doubled, and reached 111,959 cwt., of the value of £224,831. In subsequent years the exports were:—
| 1897. | 1898. | 1899. | 1900. | |
| Quantity, cwt. | 154,901 | 178,055 | 185,749 | 209,447 |
| Value | £302,748 | £343,070 | £353,819 | £390,559 |
