and east of
the Pacific ocean. By a couveiitiou or treaty between the United States and
Great Britain, dated October 20, 1818, it was agreed that for a period of ten
years the Oregon country should be open to the citizens and subjects of the two
powers, without prejudice to the rights of either of them or of any other power
or state, this being what is called for convenience "joint-occupancy." By an-
other convention or treaty between these two nations, dated August 6, 1827, this
joint-occupancy was indefinitely extended, subject to be terminated by either of
the two nations by giving notice of twelve months, after October 20, 1828. This
joint-ocupancy was terminated by the boundary treaty of June 15, 1846, estab-
lishing the present north boundary of the United States, south of Alaska, from
the Rocky mountains to the Pacific ocean. During this joint-occupancy neither
the laws of the United States nor of Great Britain were in force in the Oregon
country, but Canada in 1821 passed a law which probably applied to Canadians in
the Oregon country, giving its courts jurisdiction of civil and criminal matters
in the Indian territories not within the pi'ovince of lower or upper Canada or
of any civil government of the United States. No attempt was ever made to en-
force this law on a citizen of the United States. By his own initiative, approved
by common consent, Dr. McLoughlin, became the ruler, or the efficient but
kindly autocrat of the Oregon country, as applied to the officers and employees
of the Hudson 's Bay Company and to the Indians. But his rule was just. On
two_ occasions he caused an Indian to be hanged for murdering a white man.
In 1828 fourteen men of a party of eighteen, commanded by Jedediah S. Smith, an American rival trader, were murdered by Indians near the mouth of the Umpqua river, who took all of Smith's goods and furs. Dr. McLoughlin suc- cored tlie four survivors, one of whom was Smith, and sent a party of the Hud- sou 's Bay Company's men who recovered the furs, which were of large value. Dr. McLoughlin bought these furs from Smith, paying the fair value to the lat- ter 's satisfaction. In 1829, when one of the company's vessels was wrecked near the mouth of the Columbia river and the wreck was looted by the Indians, he sent a well-armed party who punished the Indians. There are other instances of retributive justice meted out by him to the Indians, which lack of space pre- vents the telling. The result was an admiration and obedience of Dr. McLough- lin by the Indians. They called him the great white chief and from his master- ful ways, his grand appearance and his long white hair, they also called him the ■'Whiteheaded Eagle." The few extreme measures he took with the Indians were always justifiable under the circumstances. The unusual conditions justified the unusual methods.
There were no Indian wars during the twenty-two years Dr. McLoughlin had charge of the Hudson's Bay Company 's affairs west of the Rocky Mountains. The first Indian war, caused by the "Whitman massacre, occurred the year after Dr. McLouglilin's resignation went into effect.
Never was there a finer, truer, or more acceptable hospitality extended than that of Dr. ilcLoughlin at Fort Vancouver to missionaries, without regard to sect, to strangers from any country, and also always to rival traders. These trad- ers were all Americans, for British traders were forbidden to trade in the Oregon country, under the grant of the British government to the Hudson's Bay Com- pany. But as the head of this company in the Oregon country he readily en- gaged in ruinous competition with rival traders, including Nathaniel J. "Wveth.
