THE AMERICAN
JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY
VOLUME VIII MAY, IQ03 NUMBER 6
SOCIAL DIFFERENTIATION AND SOCIAL INTEGRA- TION. 1
ORGANIC and superorganic processes are the same in principle, but different in method. Social evolution obeys the same gen- eral laws as organic evolution, but the mode of operation in each is so unlike that the general identity is difficult to recognize. So great is this difference that, in discussing the latter, biological terminology may be avoided and only sociological and anthro- pological terminology employed. The terms "differentiation" and "integration," however, though chiefly used in biological discussions, belong as properly to the other sciences and cannot well be dispensed with.
In the present state of science all considerations of man that involve his origin and development must necessarily start from the biological standpoint. The fundamental truth that man is a species of animal may be taken as established. It is therefore the human species, Homo sapiens, with which both the anthro- pologist and the sociologist have to deal. This species has descended from more remote animal ancestors in the same way that all other species now constituting the fauna of the globe have reached their present state. Whether it be Pithecanthropus or Homosimius that forms the latest link in the chain that leads back to Dryopithecus and earlier true simian forms is the taxo- nomic problem of the biologist. The anthropologist, and
"From the Annales de Pinstitut international de sociologit, Vol. IX (1903), pp.
49-85.
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